Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry

Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry is a collection of papers presented at the American Chemical Society Kendall Award Symposium honoring Professor Milton Kerker, held in Los Angeles, California, on March 28-April 2, 1971. Contributors focus on the physical chemistry of aerosols and their relationship to atmospheric chemistry. Topics covered range from the optical and dynamical properties of aerosols to the kinetics of growth of an aerosol in a flow reactor. The formation and chemical reactions of atmospheric particles are also discussed.
This book is comprised of 30 chapters and begins with an overview of some of the optical and dynamical properties of aerosols, along with the preparation of submicron aerosols by condensation. The discussion then turns to the formation and properties of neutral ultrafine particles and small ions conditioned by gaseous impurities of the air; preparation of ultrafine metal oxide particles in a hydrogen-oxygen flame; production of aerosols by X-rays; and condensational growth of atmospheric aerosols. A comparison of synthetic and smog aerosols is also presented. The final section is devoted to the Los Angeles (Pasadena) Smog Project-its genesis, objectives, and scope-and provides a detailed description of the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System used in the project.
This monograph will be a useful resource for chemists as well as students and researchers interested in aerosol and atmospheric chemistry.

Contenu

Contributors

Introduction

Part I.General Papers

Some Optical and Dynamical Properties of Aerosols

1.Introduction

2.Preparation of Submicron Aerosols by Condensation

3.Particle Size Analysis by Light Scattering

4.Brownian Coagulation

5.Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by a Falling Water Droplet

6.Multiple Scattering

References

Formation and Properties of Neutral Ultrafine Particles and Small Ions Conditioned by Gaseous Impurities of the Air

Introduction

Mechanism of Formation of Aerosols of Photolytic and Radiolytic Origin

Study of the Mobility of Ions in the Gas

References

Preparation in a Hydrogen-Oxygen Flame of Ultrafine Metal Oxide Particles. Oxidative Properties toward Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Ultraviolet Radiation

Introduction

Principle of the Flame Reactor

Titanium Dioxide

Other Aerosols

Photocatalytic Properties of Aerosols

References

Aerosols Produced by X-Rays

Introduction

Methods and Materials

Results and Discussion

Summary

References

The Kinetics of Growth of an Aerosol in a Flow Reactor I. Experimental

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Equipment

3. Operating Characteristics of the Apparatus

4. Physical Characteristics of the Growth Zone

5. Observed Kinetics of Growth

   References

   The Kinetics of Growth of an Aerosol in a Flow Reactor. II. Theoretical

6. Introduction

7. Collision Controlled Kinetics

8. Diffusion Controlled Kinetics

9. A More Sophisticated Approach

10. Conclusions

    References

    A Correction to Classical Homogeneous Nucleation Theory for Polar Molecules Exhibiting an Electric Double Layer at the Liquid Surface

    Introduction

    Theory

    Surface Dipole-Dipole Correction

    Heterogeneous Correction

    Nucleation Rate

    Experimental Method

    Results and Conclusions

    References

    Theory of Nucleation of Water. I. Properties of Some Clathrate-like Cluster Structures

    Introduction

    Discussion of the Mode

    The Expression for A(g)and the Concentration of g Clusters

    Evaluation of the Partition Functions

    The Binding Potential Energy EB

    Neglected Terms

    Results and Conclusions

    References

    Spatial Filtering for Detection of Particular Shape

    Text

    Conclusion

    References

    Distribution Analyses of the Aerodynamic Size and the Mass of Aerosol Particles by Means of the Spiral Centrifuge in Comparison to Other Aerosol Precipitators

    Introduction

    Experimental

    Results

    Discussion

    Conclusions

    References

    Comparison of Three Series for Calculation of Light-Scattering Functions

    Introduction

    Computations

    Results

    Discussion

    References

    A New Instrument for the Study of Individual Aerosol Particles

    Text

    References

Part II. Applications to the Atmosphere

Formation and Chemical Reactions of Atmospheric Particles

Introduction

Particle Formation

Aerosol Reactions

References

Condensational Growth of Atmospheric Aerosols

Introduction

Summary

References

Aerosols as Heterogeneous Nuclei

Introduction

Theory

Discussion

References

Water-Affected Fraction of Natural 1.5-9 µ Diameter Aerosol Particles

I.Introduction

II.Water-Affected Fraction of Aerosol Particles

III.Experiment

IV.Results

V.Conclusions

References

Comparison of Synthetic and Smog Aerosols

Text

Methods

Results

Calculation of Mass and Surface Area of Ambient Aerosol

Infrared Spectra of Impacted Aerosols

Oxidation Mechanism

References

A Comparison of Filterable Mass and Light Scattering of Photochemically Produced Aerosols

Introduction

Experimental Procedure

Results and Discussion

Summary

References

Part III. The 1969 Pasadena Smog Aerosol Experiment

The Minnesota Aerosol-Analyzing System Used in the Los Angeles Smog Project

Part I. The Los Angeles Smog Project

Part II. Minnesota Aerosol-Analyzing System

References

Aerometric Factors Affecting the Evolution of the Pasadena Aerosol

Introduction

Climatology and Meteorological Factors

Meteorological Observations

Behavior of Trace Gases

Significance of Average Concentrations

Relation of Gases to Aerosol Behavior

Mechanisms for Particle-Gas Interaction

Summary

References

The Aerosol Size Distribution of Los Angeles Smog

Text

Introduction

Data Collection and Processing

Results

Discussion

Summary and Conclusions

References

Mass Distribution Data from the 1969 Pasadena Smog Experiment

Method

Mass Distribution Data

Comparison of Impactor and M.A.A.S. Measurements

Mass Data Accuracy and Uncertainty

Summary and Conclusions

References

Physical Mechanisms Governing the Dynamics of Los Angeles Smog Aerosol

Introduction

The Effect of Relative Humidity

Photochemical Nucleation and Growth Rates

The Role of Coagulation and Condensation

Summary

References

Chemical Composition of Pasadena Aerosol by Particle Size and Time of Day. III. Chemical States of Nitrogen and Sulfur by Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Introduction

Method

Description of Samples

Analytical Results

Summary and Conclusions

References

Chemical Composition of Pasadena Aerosol by Particle Size and Time of Day. IV. Carbonate and Noncarbonate Carbon Content

Introduction

Sample Collection and Analysis

Carbon Content of Pasadena Aerosol

Summary and Conclusions

References

A Chemical Element Balance for the Pasadena Aerosol

Introduction

Method of Calculation

Emission Sources and Atmospheric Data

Calculation of Source Coefficients, Cj

Discussion of Results

Summary and Conclusions

References

Multiwavelength Nephelometer Measurements in Los Angeles Smog Aerosol. Preface

Text

References

Multiwavelength Nephelometer Measurements in Los Angeles Smog Aerosol. I. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Light Scattering

I. Introduction and Objectives …