Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena

Now in its fourth edition, Surfactants and Interfacial
Phenomena explains why and how surfactants operate in
interfacial processes (such as foaming, wetting, emulsion formation
and detergency), and shows the correlations between a surfactant's
chemical structure and its action.

Updated and revised to include more modern information, along
with additional three chapters on Surfactants in Biology and
Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Surfactants, and Molecular
Modeling with Surfactant Systems, this is the premier text on the
properties and applications of surfactants.

This book provides an easy-to-read, user-friendly resource for
industrial chemists and a text for classroom use, and is an
unparalleled tool for understanding and applying the latest
information on surfactants. Problems are included at
the end of each chapter to enhance the reader's
understanding, along with many tables of data that are not compiled
elsewhere. Only the minimum mathematics is used in the
explanation of topics to make it easy-to-understand and very user
friendly.

Auteur

Milton J. Rosen, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at
Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. He is also the
Director (ret.) of the university's Surfactant Research Institute,
a pioneering organization that he founded in 1987.

Joy T. Kunjappu, PhD, DSc, is a chemistry educator, consultant,
and former Adjunct Professor at Columbia University and Brooklyn
College. His areas of research interest include surfactant and
surface science, organic chemistry, and photochemistry.

Résumé
Now in its fourth edition, Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena explains why and how surfactants operate in interfacial processes (such as foaming, wetting, emulsion formation and detergency), and shows the correlations between a surfactant's chemical structure and its action. Updated and revised to include more modern information, along with additional three chapters on Surfactants in Biology and Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Surfactants, and Molecular Modeling with Surfactant Systems, this is the premier text on the properties and applications of surfactants.

This book provides an easy-to-read, user-friendly resource for industrial chemists and a text for classroom use, and is an unparalleled tool for understanding and applying the latest information on surfactants. Problems are included at the end of each chapter to enhance the reader's understanding, along with many tables of data that are not compiled elsewhere. Only the minimum mathematics is used in the explanation of topics to make it easy-to-understand and very user friendly.

Contenu

Preface xv

1 Characteristic Features of Surfactants 1

I. Conditions under which Interfacial Phenomena and Surfactants Become Significant 2

II. General Structural Features and Behavior of Surfactants 2

A. General Use of Charge Types 4

B. General Effects of the Nature of the Hydrophobic Group 5

1. Length of the Hydrophobic Group 5

2. Branching, Unsaturation 5

3. Aromatic Nucleus 5

4. Polyoxypropylene or Polyoxyethylene (POE) Units 5

5. Perfluoroalkyl or Polysiloxane Group 6

III. Environmental Effects of Surfactants 6

A. Surfactant Biodegradability 6

B. Surfactant Toxicity; Skin Irritation 7

IV. Characteristic Features and Uses of Commercially Available Surfactants 8

A. Anionics 9

1. Carboxylic Acid Salts 9

2. Sulfonic Acid Salts 11

3. Sulfuric Acid Ester Salts 15

4. Phosphoric and Polyphosphoric Acid Esters 17

5. Fluorinated Anionics 18

B. Cationics 19

1. Long-Chain Amines and Their Salts 20

2. Acylated Diamines and Polyamines and Their Salts 20

3. Quaternary Ammonium Salts 20

4. Polyoxyethylenated Long-Chain Amines 22

5. Quaternized POE Long-Chain Amines 22

6. Amine Oxides 22

C. Nonionics 23

1. Polyoxyethylenated Alkylphenols, Alkylphenol "Ethoxylates" 23

2. Polyoxyethylenated Straight-Chain Alcohols 24

3. Polyoxyethylenated Polyoxypropylene Glycols 25

4. Polyoxyethylenated Mercaptans 25

5. Long-Chain Carboxylic Acid Esters 26

6. Alkanolamine "Condensates," Alkanolamides 27

7. Tertiary Acetylenic Glycols and Their "Ethoxylates" 28

8. Polyoxyethylenated Silicones 28

9. N-Alkylpyrrolid(in)ones 29

10. Alkylpolyglycosides 29

D. Zwitterionics 30

1. pH-Sensitive Zwitterionics 30

2. pH-Insensitive Zwitterionics 32

E. Newer Surfactants Based Upon Renewable Raw Materials 32

1. -Sulfofatty Acid Methyl Esters (SME) 32

2. Acylated Aminoacids 33

3. Nopol Alkoxylates 34

V. Some Useful Generalizations 34

VI. Electronic Searching of the Surfactant Literature 35

References 36

Problems 37

2 Adsorption of Surface-Active Agents at Interfaces: The Electrical Double Layer 39

I. The Electrical Double Layer 40

II. Adsorption at the SolidLiquid Interface 44

A. Mechanisms of Adsorption and Aggregation 44

B. Adsorption Isotherms 48

1. The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm 50

C. Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto Adsorbents with Strongly Charged Sites 53

1. Ionic Surfactants 53

2. Nonionic Surfactants 59

3. pH Change 59

4. Ionic Strength 60

5. Temperature 60

D. Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Adsorbents 60

E. Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto Polar Adsorbents without Strongly Charged Sites 63

F. Effects of Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on the Surface Properties of the Solid Adsorbent 63

1. Substrates with Strongly Charged Sites 63

2. Nonpolar Adsorbents 65

G. Adsorption from Nonaqueous Solution 65

H. Determination of the Specific Surface Areas of Solids 66

III. Adsorption at the LiquidGas (L/G) and LiquidLiquid (L/L) Interfaces 66

A. The Gibbs Adsorption Equation 67

B. Calculation of Surface Concentrations and Area Per Molecule at the Interface by Use of the Gibbs Equation 69

C. Effectiveness of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces 71

D. The Szyszkowski, Langmuir, and Frumkin Equations 99

E. Efficiency of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces 100

F. Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces 104

G. Adsorption from Mixtures of Two Surfactants 113 &...