Micro and Nanostructured Epoxy / Rubber Blends

Epoxy resins are polymers which are extensively used as coating materials due to their outstanding mechanical properties and good handling characteristics. A disadvantage results from their high cross-link density: they are brittle and have very low resistance to crack growth and propagation. This necessitates the toughening of the epoxy matrix without impairing its good thermomechanical properties. The final properties of the polymer depend on their structure. The book focuses on the microstructural aspects in the modification of epoxy resins with low molecular weight liquid rubbers, one of the prime toughening agents commonly employed.

The book follows thoroughly the reactions of elastomer-modified epoxy resins from their liquid stage to the network formation. It gives an in-depth view into the cure reaction, phase separation and the simultaneous development of the morphology. Chapters on ageing, failure analysis and life cycle analysis round out the book.

Auteur
Sabu Thomas is a Professor and Director of Polymer Science and Engineering at the School of Chemical Sciences, as well as the Director of
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. He received his Ph.D. in 1987 in Polymer Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Prof. Thomas has (co-)authored more than 600 research papers in international peer-reviewed journals in the area of polymer composites, nanocomposites, membrane separation, polymer blends and alloys, polymeric sca olds for tissue engineering and polymer recycling. Prof. Thomas has been involved in a number of books (35 books), both as author and editor. He has been ranked no. 5 in India with regard to the number of publications (listed in the panel of most productive scientists in the country). He received the coveted Sukumar Maithy Award for the best polymer researcher in the country for the year 2008. The h index of Prof. Thomas is 67 and he has more than 17,000 citations. Prof. Thomas has 4 patents to his credit. Recently he has been awarded CRSI and MRSI awards. Prof. Thomas has supervised 64 PhD theses and has delivered more than 200 invited /plenary and key note talks over 30 countries.

Christophe Sinturel received his Masters degree in Organic Chemistry in 1994 and his Ph.D. in Polymer Science in 1998 from the University Blaise Pascal of Clermont-Ferrand (France). He spent one year at the University of Brighton (UK) in 1999 as Postdoctoral Research Associate before being appointed as an associate professor the same year at the University of Orleans (France). He accepted a full-professor position
at the University of Orleans in 2010. Christophe is currently conducting research in Orleans at the Centre de Recherche sur la Matiere Divisee,
a joint research institute of the Centre National de la Recherche Scienti que (CNRS) and the University of Orleans.
His current research interests concern polymer blends, nanostructured polymers, polymer nano-composites and block polymers.
He has published 40 publications in various international journals and books, 2 patents and participated in several international conferences.

Raju Thomas is Vice Chancellor of Middle East University FZE, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. He received his Ph.D. under the supervision of Prof. abu Thomas, Director of International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam,
Kerala, India.
His research works are re ected in his six published research articles in international journals and few articles which are under review status. Also many articles are published in popular journals. He has a wide teaching experience in Chemistry for more than 32 years in Graduate and Postgraduate levels.

Contenu

Preface XV

List of Contributors XVII

1 Introduction 1
Raju Thomas, Christophe Sinturel, Sabu Thomas, and Elham Mostafa Sadek El Akiaby

1.1 Epoxy Resin Introduction 1

1.2 Cure Reactions 1

1.3 Curing Agents 2

1.3.1 Catalytic Cure 3

1.3.2 Co-reactive Cure 3

1.4 Different Curing Methods 7

1.4.1 Thermal Curing 7

1.4.2 Microwave Curing 8

1.4.3 Radiation Curing 10

1.5 Curing of Epoxy Resins: StructureProperty Relationship 12

1.6 Toughening of Epoxy Resin 13

1.6.1 Different Toughening Agents 13

1.7 Rubber-Modified Epoxy Resin: Factors Influencing Toughening 16

1.7.1 Concentration Effects 16

1.7.2 Particle Size and Distribution of Rubber 16

1.7.3 Effect of Temperature 17

1.7.4 Effect of Rubber 17

1.7.5 Interfacial Adhesion 18

1.8 Toughening Mechanisms in Elastomer-Modified Epoxy Resins 18

1.8.1 Particle Deformation 18

1.8.2 Shear Yielding 19

1.8.3 Crazing 20

1.8.4 Simultaneous Shear Yielding and Crazing 21

1.8.5 Crack Pinning 22

1.8.6 Cavitation and Rumples 22

1.9 Quantitative Assessment of Toughening Mechanisms 23

1.10 Introduction of Chapters 24

References 25

2 Liquid Rubbers as Toughening Agents 31
Hanieh Kargarzadeh, Ishak Ahmad, and Ibrahim Abdullah

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Toughening of Thermoset Resins 31

2.3 Fracture Behavior of Rubber-Toughened Thermosets 32

2.4 Natural Rubbers 35

2.4.1 Preparation Method of LNR 36

2.5 Liquid-Toughening Rubber in Thermoset Resins 43

2.6 Concluding Remarks 49

References 50

3 Nanostructured Epoxy Composites 53
Yuan Meng and Xinghong Zhang

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 Preparation Methods of the Nanostructured Epoxy Thermoset 54

3.3 Morphology of the Nanostructured Epoxy Thermoset 56

3.3.1 Parameters Controlling the Morphologies 56

3.4 Microphase Separation Mechanism 60

3.4.1 Self-Assembly Mechanism 61

3.4.2 Reaction-Induced Microphase Separation Mechanism 63

3.5 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 65

3.5.1 Fracture Toughness 65

3.5.2 Glass Transition Temperature 67

3.6 Conclusions and Outlooks 67

References 68

4 Manufacture of Epoxy Resin/Liquid Rubber Blends 73
Sahrim Bin Hj Ahmad, Mimi Azlina Abu Bakar, Ying Yi, and Qi Qin

4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 Comparison of Hardeners 74

4.3 Rubber-Toughened Epoxy Resins 77

4.4 Cure Reaction Analysis 79

4.5 Conclusions 79

References 80

5 Cure and Cure Kinetics of Epoxy-Rubber Systems 83
Humberto Vázquez-Torres

5.1 Introduction 83

5.2 Cure Analysis 83

5.3 Curing Kinetics 84 ...