Metabolism and Interactions

The Amino Sugars: The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars, Volume IIB: Metabolism and Interactions takes a look at the chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry of naturally occurring and synthetically prepared amino sugars and amino sugar-containing molecules and the critical and interpretative account of the biological and medical importance of these molecules.
The selection takes a look at the metabolism of amino sugars, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Topics include pathways of degradation, energy-utilizing reactions, catabolism, formation of macromolecules, and metabolism of moieties. The text then ponders on the effects of steroid hormones on the glycosaminoglycans of target connective tissues, hexosaminidases, and neuraminidases.
The publication elaborates on enzymes degrading glycosaminoglycans, sulfatases of glycosaminoglycans, and activation and inhibition of enzymes by polyanions containing amino sugars. The manuscript also reviews the chemical and physical changes of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins caused by oxidation-reduction systems and radiation and interactions between glycoproteins and viruses.
The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in amino sugars.

Contenu

List of Contributors
Preface
Nomenclature
Contents of Other Volumes
Chapter 38 Metabolism of Amino Sugars
I. Energy-Utilizing Reactions
A. Hexosamine Synthesis
B. N-Acetylation
C. Kinases
D. Mutases
E. Synthesis and Reactions of UDP Sugars
F. Neuraminic Acid Synthesis
G. Lactobacillus Bifidus Factors
H. Amino Sugars Other Than Glucosamine or Galactosamine
I. Summary of Anabolic Pathways of Amino Sugar Metabolism
II. Pathways of Degradation
A. in Vivo Effects and Reactions
B. Effects of Amino Sugars in Tissue Cultures
C. Microbial Degradations
D. Degradation of Amino Sugars by Tissue Slices and Homogenates
E. Cell-Free Systems
Addendum
Chapter 39 Metabolism of Glycosaminoglycans
I. Metabolism of Moieties
A. Monosaccharide Moieties
B. Sulfate
C. Acetate
II . Formation of Macromolecules
A. General Discussion
B. Sulfate Acceptors
III. Formation of Individual Glycosaminoglycans
A. Hyaluronic Acid
B. Chondroitin
C. Chondroitin 4-Sulfate
D. Chondroitin 6-Sulfate
E. Dermatan Sulfate
F. Heparan Sulfate
G. Heparin
H. Keratan Sulfate
I. Chitin
IV. Catabolism
Addendum
Chapter 40 Metabolism of Glycoproteins, Glycopeptides, and Glycolipids
I. Metabolism of Glycoproteins
A. General Features
B. Plasma Glycoproteins
C. Glycoproteins in Various organs
D. Glycoproteins with Blood-Group Activity
E. Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides in Microorganisms and Other organisms
II . Metabolism of Glycolipids
III . General Comments
Chapter 41 Effect of Steroid Hormones On The Glycosaminoglycons of Target Connective Tissues
I. Rooster Comb
A. Composition of The Normal Comb
B. Capon Comb and The Mechanism of Hormone Response
C. Factors Influencing The Comb Response To androgens
II. Sexual Skin
III . Other Target Connective Tissues
A. Integument
B. Accessory Reproductive Organs
IV. Glycosaminoglycans and the Target Reaction
Addendum
Chapter 42 Hexosaminidases
I . ß-N-Acetylhexosaminidase
A. Occurrence
B. Substrates and Methods of Determination
C. Purification
D. Kinetics
E. Specificity
F. Distribution in Tissues
II. a-N-Acetylhexosaminidase
A. Occurrence
B. Methods of Determination
C. Kinetics
D. Specificity
Addendum
Chapter 43 Neuraminidases
I. Occurrence
II. Isolation, Purification, and Assay
III. Properties
A. Enzymic Properties
B. Physical Properties
C. Immunologie Properties

Chapter 44 Enzymes Degrading Glycosaminoglycans
I. Enzymes Degrading Chitin
II. The Action of Lysozyme
III. Enzymic Degradation of Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin, and Chondroitin Sulfates
A. Action of Hyaluronidases in Vitro
B. Action of Hyaluronidases in Vivo
C. The Mode of Action and Sources of Various Types of Hyaluronidases
D. Other Degrading Agents ihn Tissues
E. Enzyme Inhibitors
IV. Enzymic Degradation of Dermatan Sulfate
V. Enzymic Degradation of Heparan Sulfate and Heparin
VI. Enzymic Degradation of Keratan Sulfate
VII. The Action of ß-Glucuronidase On Glycosaminoglycans
Addendum
Chapter 45 Sulfatases of Glycosaminoglycans
I. Desulfation of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans
A. Enzymes Attacking Chondroitin 4-Sulfate and Chondroitin 6-Sulfate
B. Enzymes Attacking Heparin and Heparan Sulfate
C. Enzymes Attacking Dermatan Sulfate
D. Enzymes Attacking Keratan Sulfate
E. General Comments
II. Desulfation of Sulfated N-Acetylhexosamines
A. The Specificity of The Enzyme
III. Enzymic Desulfation in Mammals
Addendum
Chapter 46 Activation and Inhibition of Enzymes by Polyanions Containing Amino Sugars
I. Activation
A. Glycosaminoglycans with Sulfate Groups
B. Glycosaminoglycans with Free Amino Groups
II. Inhibition
A. The General Type: Macroanionic Enzyme Inhibition
B. A Special Type: Activator Competitive Enzyme Inhibition
Chapter 47 Chemical and Physical Changes of Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoproteins Caused by Oxidation-Reduction Systems and Radiation
I. Oxidation-Reduction Systems
A. Glycosaminoglycans
B. Glycoproteins
II. Radiation
A. Glycosaminoglycans
B. Biological Systems
Chapter 48 Interaction of Polyanions with Blood Components
I. Nonspecific Protein-Polyanion Complexes
II. Specific Complexes Between Polyanions and Certain Proteins
A. Interaction of Macromolecular Polyanions with Serum Lipoproteins
B. Interaction of Polyanions with Fibrinogen
III . Interaction of Polyanions with Blood Components as Observed By Physiological Changes
A. Anticoagulant Activity of Heparin
B. Anticoagulant Activity of Other Polyanions
Chapter 49 Immunochemistry
I. Blood Group Substances
A. ?,?,?(?), and Lewis (Lea) Blood Group Substances
B. M,N, and Lutheran Blood Group Substances
C. I Blood Group Antigens
D. P Blood Group Substances
E. T Antigen
F. Blood Group Substances of Animal origin
G. Heterogenetic Infectious Mononucleosis Receptor
H. Blood Group Active Substances of Bacteria and Higher Plants
I. Blood Group Chimerism and Acquired Tolerance
J. Transient Acquisition of Blood Antigens By Human Erythrocytes
II . Hormones
A. Chorionic Gonadotropin
B. Thyroglobulin
III . Glycoproteins in Body Fluids
A. Urinary Glycoproteins and Related Virus Inhibitors
B. Plasma Glycoproteins
IV. Amyloid
V. Gangliosides and Related Lipids
VI. Glycoproteins of Hen Egg White
VII. Fertilizin and Antifertilizin
VIII. Microbial Polysaccharides
A. Gram-Positive Bacteria
B. Mycobacteria
C. Gram-Negative Bacteria
IX. Substances of Viruses and Rickettsiae with Potential Antigenicity
X. Fungi
XI. Protozoa
XII. Macromolecular Compounds without Known Antigenic Properties
XIII. Immunochemistry in Amino Sugar Research
Chapter 50 Interaction Between Glycoproteins and Viruses
I. Interaction Between Influenza Virus and Cellular Receptor
II. Soluble Glycoproteins As Receptor Analogues: Their Composition, Structure, Inhibitory Capacity, and Enzymatic Inactivation
III. The Mode of Action of Influenza Virus and RDE On Inhibitory and Noninhibitory Glycoproteins
A. Sialic Acid as Split Product
B. Characterization of The Viral and Vibrio Enzymes as A-Neuraminidases
IV. Definition in Structural Terms of A Glycoprotein Inhibiting Viral Hemagglutination
V. Association Between Some Other Viruses and Hexosamine-Containing Substan…