Mechanically Responsive Materials for Soft Robotics

Offers a comprehensive review of the research and development of mechanically responsive materials and their applications in soft robots

Mechanically Responsive Materials for Soft Robotics offers an authoritative guide to the current state of mechanically responsive materials for the development of soft robotics. With contributions from an international panel of experts, the book examines existing mechanically responsive materials such as crystals, polymers, gels, and composites that are stimulated by light and heat. The book also explores the application of mechanical materials to soft robotics. The authors describe the many excellent mechanical crystals developed in recent years that show the ability to bend, twist, rotate, jump, self-heal, and shape memory. Mechanical polymer materials are described for evolution into artificial muscles, photomobile materials, bioinspired soft actuators, inorganic-organic hybrid materials, multi-responsive composite materials, and strain sensor materials.

The application of mechanical materials to soft robots is just the beginning. This book reviews the many challenging and versatile applications, such as soft microrobots made from photoresponsive elastomers, four-dimensional printing for assembling soft robots, self-growing of soft robots like plants, and biohybrid robots using muscle tissue. This important book:

-Explores recent developments in the use of soft smart materials in robotic systems
-Covers the full scope of mechanically responsive materials: polymers, crystals, gels, and nanocomposites
-Deals with an interdisciplinary topic of advanced smart materials research
-Contains extensive descriptions of current and future applications in soft robotics

Written for materials scientists, polymer chemists, photochemists, physical chemists, solid state chemists, inorganic chemists, and robotics engineers, Mechanically Responsive Materials for Soft Robotics offers a comprehensive and timely review of the most recent research on mechanically responsive materials and the manufacture of soft robotics.

Auteur

Hideko Koshima is Guest Professor of Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan. She spent most of her career in Ehime University as a professor. Her research field is solid-state photochemistry, recently focused to mechanical materials.

Contenu
Preface xiii

Part I Mechanically Responsive Crystals 1

1 Photomechanical Behavior of Photochromic Diarylethene Crystals 3
*Seiya Kobatake and Daichi Kitagawa*

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Crystal Deformation Exhibiting Expansion/Contraction upon Photoirradiation 6

1.3 Photoresponsive Bending 7

1.4 Dependence of Bending Behavior on Irradiation Wavelength 11

1.5 Photomechanical Work of Diarylethene Crystals That Exhibit Bending 13

1.6 New Types of Photomechanical Motion 15

1.7 Photosalient Effect 20

1.8 Summary 22

References 23

2 Photomechanical Crystals Made from Anthracene Derivatives 29
*Fei Tong, Christopher J. Bardeen, and Rabih O. Al-Kaysi*

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Elements of Photomechanical Molecular Crystals 30

2.3 The Advantage of Using Anthracene Derivatives in Photomechanical Crystals 33

2.4 Types of Anthracene Photomechanical Crystals 34

2.4.1 NR-Type Anthracene Derivatives 34

2.4.1.1 9-Anthracene Carboxylate Ester Derivatives 34

2.4.1.2 9-Methylanthracene 36

2.4.1.3 9-Cyanoanthracne, 9-Anthealdehyde, and 9,10-Dinitroanthracene 37

2.4.1.4 Conjugated Anthracene Derivatives with Trans-to-Cis Photochemistry 38

2.4.2 T-Type Photomechanical Crystals Based on Reversible 4+4 Photodimerization 39

2.4.3 P-Type Anthracene Derivatives 44

2.5 Synthesis of Anthracene Derivatives 46

2.6 Future Direction and Outlook 47

2.6.1 Modeling Reaction Dynamics in Molecular Crystals 47

2.6.2 New Anthracene Derivatives and Crystal Shapes 48

2.6.3 Interfacing Photomechanical Molecular Crystals with Other Materials 49

2.7 Conclusion 50

Acknowledgments 50

References 50

3 Mechanically Responsive Crystals by Light and Heat 57
*Hideko Koshima, Takuya Taniguchi, and Toru Asahi*

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 Photomechanical Bending of Crystals by Photoreactions 59

3.2.1 Azobenzene 59

3.2.1.1 Bending 59

3.2.1.2 Twisted Bending 61

3.2.2 Salicylideneaniline and Analogues 61

3.2.2.1 Bending and the Mechanism 63

3.2.2.2 Comparison of Chiral and Racemic Crystals 64

3.2.3 Fulgide 64

3.2.4 Carbonyl Compounds 66

3.3 Locomotion of Crystals by Thermal Phase Transition 67

3.3.1 Inchworm-Like Walking 70

3.3.2 Fast Rolling Locomotion 71

3.4 Diversification of Mechanical Motion by Photo-triggered Phase Transition 72

3.4.1 Discovery and the Mechanism of Photo-triggered Phase Transition 72

3.4.2 Stepwise Bending 75

3.5 Why Crystals? 75

3.6 Summary and Outlook 77

References 77

4 Crawling Motion of Crystals on Solid Surfaces by Photo-induced Reversible Crystal-to-Melt Phase Transition 83
*Yasuo Norikane and Koichiro Saito*

4.1 Introduction 83

4.2 Isomerization of Azobenzene 84

4.3 Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals (Liquid-Crystal-to-Isotropic) 86

4.4 Phase Transitions in Crystal Phase (Crystal-to-Melt) 87

4.4.1 Characteristics of the Crystal-to-Melt Phase Transition 87

4.4.2 Potential Applications of Crystal-to-Melt Transition 89

4.4.3 Mechanical Motions Derived from the Crystal-to-Liquid Phase Transition 92

4.5 Photo-induced Crawling Motion of Azobenzene Crystals 94

4.5.1 Discovery of the Crawling Motion of Crystal on Solid Surface 94

4.5.2 Characteristics of the Crawling Motion of Crystals 95

4.5.3 Mechanism of the Crawling Motion 98

4.5.4 Crawling Motion of Azobenzene Crystals 98

4.6 Conclusion 98

References 99 5 Bending, Jumping, and Self-Healing Crystals 105
*Pan**e Naumov, Stanislav Chizhik, Patrick Commins, and Elena Bo...