Mineralogy

This book presents a translation and update of the classic German textbook of Mineralogy and Petrology that has been published for decades. It provides an introduction to mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry, discussing the principles of mineralogy, including crystallography, chemical bonding, and physical properties, and the genesis of minerals in a didactic and understandable way. Illustrated with numerous figures and tables, it also features several sections dedicated to the genesis of mineral resources. The textbook reflects the authors' many years of experience and is ideal for use in lectures on mineralogy and petrology.

Auteur

Martin Okrusch was born in 1934 in Guben, Germany, and studied Geosciences at the Free University of Berlin and the University of Würzburg, Bavaria. After having obtained his doctoral degree in 1961 and his Dr. rer. nat. habil. in 1968, he worked as a guest researcher at the University of California at Berkeley in 1968/1969 and became an associate professor at the University of Cologne in 1970. He was a full professor at the Technical University of Braunschweig from 1972 to 1982, and at the University of Würzburg from 1982 until his retirement in 2000. Since then he has continued to work on research projects in metamorphic and igneous petrology. Hartwig Frimmel, born in 1960 in Linz, Austria, received his PhD in Geology and Petrology from the University of Vienna in 1987. Since 2004 he has been a full professor at the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, where he holds the Chair in Geodynamics and Geomaterials Research. He is an honorary research associate at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, where he rose from lecturer to associate professor between 1989 and 2004. From 1998 to 2004 he was the leader of the Earth Science subprogramme of the South African National Antarctic Programme. He is a former president of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA) and advisor at the national and European level on matters concerning mineral deposits. His main research interests range from economic geology, metamorphic petrology, Precambrian palaeoclimate and palaeogeography, to sedimentary geochemistry and the role of early life in metallogenesis.

Contenu

Part I Introduction and basic concepts

1 Crystals

1.1 Crystal morphology

1.1.1 Symmetry operations and symmetry elements

1.1.2 Crystal systems and classes

1.1.3 The Law of rational indices

1.2 Crystal structure

1.2.1 Bravais lattices

2.2.2 Space groups

2.2.3 Determination of crystal structures by X-ray diffraction

1.3 Crystal chemistry

1.3.1 Basic concepts

1.3.2 Types of chemical bonds

1.3.3 Some important terms of crystal chemistry

1.4. Physical properties of crystals

1.4.1 Hardness and cohesion

1.4.2 Thermal conductivity

1.4.3 Electric properties

1.4.4 Magnetic properties

1.5 Optical crystallography

1.5.1 Basic bonds

1.5.2 Basic principles of microscopy in transmitted light

1.5.3 Basic principles of microscopy reflected light

References

2 Minerals

2.1 Definition of the term mineral

2.2 Identification and classification of minerals

2.3 Mode of occurrence

2.4 Rock-forming and economic minerals

2.4.1 Rock-forming minerals

2.4.2 Economic minerals

2.4.3 Gemstones

2.5 Biomineralisation and medical mineralogy

2.5.1 Biogenic mineral formation

2.5.2 Medical mineralogy

References

3 Rocks

3.1 Mineralogical composition of rocks

3.2 Relationships between lithogeochemistry and mineralogy

3.3 Rock fabric

3.3.1 Texture (microstructure)

3.3.2 Structure

3.4 Field relationships

3.5 Principal rock-forming processes

3.6 Mineral deposits

References

Part II

Systematic mineralogy - a selection of important minerals

4. Elements

4.1 Metals

4.2 Metalloids (semi-metals)

4.3 Non-metals

References

5 Sulfides, arsenides and complex sulfides (sulfosalts)

5.1 Metal su^ 1:1 (generally 2:1)

5.2 Metal sulfides and arsenites with M:S = 1:1

5.3 Metal sulfides, sulfarsenides and arsenites with M:S = 1:2

5.4 Arsenic sulfides

5.5 Complex metal sulfides (sulfosalts)

References

6 Halides

References

7 Oxides and hydroxides

7.1 M2O compounds

7.2 M3O4 compounds

7.3 M2O3 compounds

7.4 MO2 compounds

7.5 Hydroxides

References

8 Carbonates, nitrates, borates

8.1 Calcite group 32/m

8.2 Aragonite group 2/m2/m2/m

8.3 Dolomite group

8.4 Azurite-malachite group

8.5 Nitrates

8.6 Borates

References

9 Sulfates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates

9.1 Sulfates

9.2 Chromates

9.3 Molybdates and wolframates

References

10 Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

References

11 Silicates

11.1 Orthosilicates (nesosilicates)

11.2 Disilicates (sorosilicates)

11.3 Ring silicates (cyclosilicates)

11.4 Chain silicates (inosilicates)

11.4.1 Pyroxenes 11.4.2 Pyroxenoids

11.4.3 Amphiboles

11.5 Sheet silicates (phyllosilicates)

11.5.1 Pyrophyllite-talc group

11.5.2 Mica group

11.5.3 Hydro-mica group

11.5.4 Brittle mica group

11.5.5 Chlorite series

11.5.6 Serpentine group

11.5.7 Clay minerals

11.5.8 Apophyllite group

11.6 Framework silicates

11.6.1 SiO2 minerals

11.6.2 Feldspar family

11.6.3 Feldspathoids

11.6.4 Cancrinite group

11.6.5 Scapolite group

11.6.6 Zeolite family

References

12 Fluid inclusions in minerals

References

Part III

Petrology and metallogenesis

13. Igneous rocks

13.1. Classification of igneous rocks

13.1.1 Principal classification based on geological position and fabric

13.1.2 Classification based on mineralogy

13.1.3 Classification based on bulk chemical composition

13.2 Petrography of igneous rocks

13.2.1 Subalkaline magmatic rocks

13.2.2 Alkaline magmatic rocks

13.2.3 Carbonatite, kimberlite and lamproite

References

14 Volcanism

14.1 Effusive volcanism: lava flows

14.2 Extrusive volcanism

14.3 Explosive volcanism

14.4 Mixed volcanic activity: stratovolcanoes

14.5 Volcanic exhalations

References

15 Plutonism

15.1 Volcanic roots and magma chambers 15.2 Shapes of plutonic and subvolcanic intrusive bodies

15.3 Internal structure and emplacement of intrusive bodies

15.3.1 Internal structure of plutons

15.3.2 Emplacement mechanisms

15.3.3 Layered intrusions

References

16 Magma and lava 16.1 Chemical composition and structure of magma

16.2 Volcanic gases

16.3 Temperatures of magmat

16.3.1 Direct measurement by pyrometry

16.3.2 Melting experiments on natural rocks

16.4 Viscosity of magmas and lavas

16.5 Solubility of volatiles in magma

References

17 Formation and evolution of magmas

17.1 Magma series

17.2 Primary and parental melts

17.2.1 Primary basaltic melts

17.2.2 Granitic melts

17.3 Magma mixing

17.4 Magmatic differentiation

17.4.1 Fractional crystallisation

17.4.2 Liquid immiscibility

17.5 Assimilation

References

18 Experiments in simplified model systems

18.1 The Gibbs' Phase Rule

18.2 Experiments in binary and ternary systems

18.2.1 Experiments modelling the fractional crystallisation of basaltic magmas

18.2.2 Experiments modelling the formation of SiO2-oversaturated and undersaturated magmas

18.2.3 Experiments on the phase relations of mafic minerals in basaltic melts

18.3 Bowens's Reaction Series

18.4 The basalt tetrahedron of Yoder and Tilley (1962)

18.5 Equilibrium melting and fractionated melting

References

19 The origin of basalt

19.1 Basalt types and plate tectonics

19.2 Formation of basaltic melts by partial melting of peridotite in Earth's upper mantle

19.2.1 The pyrolite model

19.2.2 Partial melting of H2O-free pyrolite

19.2.3 Partial melting of H2O-bearing pyrolite

…