Nutrition and Aging

Nutrition and Aging is a collection of papers presented at the Fifth Bristol-Myers Symposium on Nutrition Research, held in Boston, Massachusetts from October 31 to November 1, 1985. Contributors discuss the significant influence of nutrition on aging, and specifically the role of nutrition in preventing and limiting the physical, mental, and emotional problems associated with the aging process.
This book reviews findings that include the effects of the aging process on the body's physiological functions and the effects of nutrient intake on organ function. Consideration is also given to the gap between the documented nutrient intake and nutrient needs of the elderly as it may influence the aging process. The first chapter is a brief overview of the variety of problems that have to be resolved in determining the role of nutrition in aging. The discussion then turns to the relationship of nutrition to changes in physiological function during the aging process, along with factors that influence the nutrient needs of the elderly. The final chapters focus on the impact of nutrition on the etiology of age-related degenerative diseases.
This book will be of interest to scientists as well as students and researchers engaged in nutrition research and its growing importance to the prevention and treatment of disease.

Contenu

Contributors
Editor's Foreword
Foreword
Preface
1 Aging and Nutrition: A Multifaceted Problem
I. Introduction
II. Age-Related Changes in Body Composition and Metabolism
III. Aging and Tissue Function
IV. Nutrient Needs and Intakes of the Elderly
V. Factors in the Nutritional Status of the Elderly
References
2 Physiologic Interface of Aging and Nutrition
I. Introduction
II. Factors Affecting Expression of Disease in the Elderly
III. Physiologie Changes Occurring with Advancing Age
IV. Summary
References
3 Nutrition and Organ Function in a Cohort of Aging Men
I. Introduction
II. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
III. Physiological Functions
IV. Conclusions
References
4 Impact of Aging and Nutrition on Human Skin: Studies at the Cellular Level
I. Introduction
II. Clinical Aspects of Skin Aging
III. In Vitro Studies of Skin Aging and Nutritional Requirements
IV. Conclusions
References
5 Vitamin D Synthesis by the Aging Skin
I. Introduction: Consequences of Bone Disease in the Aged
II. Historical Perspective
III. Production of Vitamin D in the Skin
IV. Metabolism of Vitamin D
V. Vitamin D Nutrition in the Aged
VI. Effect of Aging on the Capacity of the Skin to Produce Vitamin D3
VII. Recommendations for Maintaining Vitamin D Nutrition for the Elderly
VIII. Conclusions
References
6 Implications of Gastric Atrophy for Vitamin and Mineral Nutriture
I. Introduction
II. Physiologic Consequences of Atrophic Gastritis
III. Vitamin B12
IV. Folic Acid
V. Iron
VI. Calcium
VII. Other Micronutrients
References
7 Trace Elements and the Needs of the Elderly
I. Introduction
II. Definition of Requirement and Recommended Intake
III. The Present State of Knowledge Pertaining to Mineral Requirements of the Elderly
IV. Efficiency of Intestinal Absorption
V. Determination of Requirements for Mineral Elements in the Elderly
VI. The Categories of Mineral Elements
VII. Interactions
VIII. Conclusions
References
8 Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Aging
I. Introduction
II. Free Radical Theory of Aging
III. Antioxidant Defense Systems
IV. Age-Related Alterations in Antioxidant Protection
V. Life Span Modification by Dietary Antioxidants
VI. Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Degenerative Conditions
VII. Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Immune Function
VIII. Conclusions
References
9 Aging Animal Models for the Study of Drug-Nutrient Interactions
I. Introduction
II. Basic Aspects of Aging
III. Major Animal Groups for Research on Aging
IV. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in the Elderly
V. Aging and Drug Effects in Animal Models
VI. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in Animal Models
VII. Conclusions
References
10 Biochemical Assessment of Vitamin Status in the Elderly: Effects of Dietary Supplemental Intakes
I. Introduction
II. Dietary Intake Measurements
III. Vitamin Measurements
IV. Vitamin Assessment in a Healthy Elderly Population
V. Conclusion
References
11 Effectiveness of Nutrition Intervention Programs for the Elderly
I. Introduction
II. Title III Nutrition Program for Older Americans
III. Food Stamp Program
IV. Other Programs
V. Conclusion
References
12 The Elderly Alcoholic: Experience with Baltimore Veterans and Private Alcoholism Patients over Age
I. Introduction
II. Prevalence of Alcoholism
III. Amount of Alcohol Ingested
IV. Duration of Alcoholism
V. Diseases Produced by Alcoholism
VI. Discussion
References
13 Exercise and Muscle Metabolism in the Elderly
I. Introduction
II. Factors Affecting Skeletal Muscle Mass
III. Morphological Changes in Skeletal Muscle
IV. Exercise and Protein Metabolism in Muscle
V. Muscle Metabolism and Aging
VI. Summary
References
14 Aging of Rats: The Roles of Food Restriction and Exercise
I. Effects of Food Restriction in Rodents
II. Effects of Exercise on Longevity
References
15 Nutritional Factors in Age-Related Osteoporosis
I. The Problem of Osteoporosis
II. Determinants of Bone Mass
III. Calcium
IV. Phosphate
V. Protein
VI. Vitamin D
VII. Summary and Conclusion
References
16 Significance of Vitamin D in Age-Related Bone Disease
I. Introduction
II. The Vitamin D Endocrine System
III. Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis
IV. Aging and Vitamin D Metabolism and Function
V. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
VI. Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis with l,25-(OH)2D3
VII. Summary
References
17 Diet, Immunity, and Longevity
I. Introduction
II. Initial Investigations in Mice, Rats, and Guinea Pigs of Protein and Calorie Malnutrition and Immune Functions
III. Zinc and Immunity
IV. Influence of Nutrition on Immunologic Involution and Susceptibility to Diseases of Aging in Inbred Mice
V. Dietary Constituents Crucial to Inhibition of Autoimmunity and Nephritis
VI. Breast Cancer in Mice
VII. Conclusions and Future Studies
References
18 Nutrition and the Aging Hematopoietic System
I. Introduction
II. Effect of Age on Normal Bone Marrow Function
III. Effect of Age on Hematopoiesis in Man
IV. Epidemiologic Evidence Implicating Nutrition in the Anemia of the Elderly
V. Role of Nutrition in Age-Related Changes in Hematopoiesis in Animals
VI. Hematopoietic Manifestations of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in the Elderly
VII. Potential Age-Nutrition-Hematopoietic Interactions
VIII. Conclusion
References
19 Nutrition and the Aging Cardiovascular System
I. Introduction
II. Risk Factors and Aging
III. Secular Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors
IV. Summary
References
Index