Insect Neurohormones

The discovery of insect neurohormones dates from the earliest experimental in­ vestigations in insect endocrines, and the matter cannot be discussed without evoking the names of its pioneers-Kopec, Wigglesworth, Fraenkel. Whereas the experiments demonstrated the existence of the first known neurohormones, the formulation of the concept of neurosecretion was of fundamental importance to further progress, and tribute must be paid to Ernst and Berta Scharrer. The recent proliferation of investigations into insect neurohormones has cre­ ated the need for an overall review of the data. Our knowledge of the subject is voluminous, and the evidence clearly demonstrates that neurohormones playa part in most insect regulatory processes. This book analyzes and synthesizes the data, starting from neurosecretion (i.e., source sites and release modes of neurohormones) and continuing through the various functions in which neurohormones have been shown to be involved: endocrine gland activity; diapause; reproduction; visceral muscle functioning; color change; behavior; water and ion balance; protein, sugar, and lipid metabo­ lism; and tanning and other processes occurring at the cuticle level. In each chapter, besides the experimental information, technical procedures as well as recent information concerning purification of the particular neurohor­ mones and their mode of action are reported. Numerous exhaustive tables allow the reader to get an overview of the matter while the major findings of the mo­ ment are presented in the conclusion of each chapter.

Contenu

1 Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Neurohormones.- 1.1. The Neurosecretory Cells.- 1.1.1. General Features of Neurosecretory Cells.- 1.1.2. Activity of Neurosecretory Cells and Its Regulation.- 1.1.3. Neurosecretory Products, Their Staining Methods, and Classification.- 1.1.4. Distribution of Neurosecretory Cells-Axon Pathways.- 1.2. Neurohormone Release Sites.- 1.2.1. The Corpora Cardiaca.- 1.2.2. Other Release Sites of Brain Neurosecretory Products.- 1.2.3. The Perisympathetic Organs.- 1.2.4. Distal Neurohemal Organs.- 1.2.5. Neuroeffector Junctions.- 1.2.6. Transport of Neurosecretory Products along the Ventral Nerve Cord.- 1.3. Neurohormones and Biogenic Amines.- 1.4. Conclusions.- 2 Control of Endocrine Gland Activity.- 2.1. Molting Gland.- 2.1.1. Molting Gland Secretion Control.- 2.1.2. Molting Gland Activation.- 2.1.3. Degeneration of the Molting Gland.- 2.1.4. Location of Brain Hormone.- 2.1.5. Brain Hormone Release Site.- 2.1.6. Brain Hormone and Ventral Nerve Cord.- 2.1.7. Antagonistic Brain Factor.- 2.1.8. Feedback.- 2.1.9. Chemical Nature of Brain Hormone.- 2.1.10. Stimulation of Ecdysone Production by the Ovary.- 2.1.11. Conclusions.- 2.2. Corpora Cardiaca.- 2.3. Corpora Allata.- 2.3.1. Volume Changes and Activity of Corpora Allata.- 2.3.2. Innervation of Corpora Allata.- 2.3.3. Early Investigations.- 2.3.4. Detailed Investigations.- 2.3.5. Juvenile Hormone Titer and Cerebral Control.- 2.3.6. Regulation of Juvenile Hormone Esterases.- 2.3.7. Conclusions.- 3 Diapause.- 3.1. Imaginal Diapause.- 3.2. Pupal Diapause.- 3.3. Larval Diapause.- 3.4. Embryonic Diapause.- 3.5. Conclusions.- 4 Reproduction.- 4.1. Sex Determination.- 4.2. Gonial Mitosis and Meiosis.- 4.3. Differentiation of the Ovariole-Previtellogenesis.- 4.4. Vitellogenesis.- 4.4.1. Pars Intercerebralis.- 4.4.2. Ventral Nerve Cord.- 4.5. Oostatic Hormone (Antigonadotropin).- 4.6. Spermatogenesis.- 4.7. Accessory Glands, Pheromone Production, Sexual Behavior.- 4.8. Ovulation.- 4.9, Egg Laying.- 4.10. Conclusions.- 5 Functioning of the Visceral Muscles.- 5.1. The Visceral Muscles: Innervation and Functioning.- 5.1.1. Heart, Diaphragm, Alary Muscles.- 5.1.2. Malpighian Tubules, Oviducts, Digestive Tract.- 5.2. Source of Myotropic Factors, Multiplicity.- 5.3. Release Sites of Myotropic Factors.- 5.3.1. Corpora Cardiaca and Perisympathetic Organs.- 5.3.2. Distal Neurohemal Organs and Neuroeffector Junctions.- 5.4. Reality of the Existence of Myotropic Factors.- 5.5. Separation and Identification of Active Factors.- 5.6. Mode of Action of Myotropic Factors.- 5.7. Conclusions.- 6 Morphological and Physiological Color Change.- 6.1. Morphological Color Change.- 6.1.1. Locusts, Grasshoppers, Stick Insects.- 6.1.2. Lepidopteran Larvae and Pupae.- 6.1.3. Summary.- 6.2. Physiological Color Change.- 6.2.1. The Phantom Midge, Corethra.- 6.2.2. Dragonflies.- 6.2.3. Stick Insects.- 6.2.4. Interspecific Activity.- 6.2.5. Crustacean and Insect Hormones.- 6.2.6. Purification.- 6.3. Conclusions.- 7 Behavior and Rhythmic Phenomena.- 7.1. Flight.- 7.2. Circadian Rhythms and Activity Level.- 7.3. Eclosion Rhythm.- 7.4. Endogenous Nerve Activity.- 7.5. Egg Care.- 7.6. Polymorphism and Phase.- 7.7. Conclusions.- 8 Osmoregulation.- 8.1. Techniques.- 8.2. Diuretic Hormone.- 8.2.1. Synthesis Sites.- 8.2.2. Release Sites.- 8.2.3. Release Control.- 8.2.4. Circulating Hormone Rate, Hormone Destruction.- 8.3. Antidiuretic Hormone.- 8.4. Diuretic or Antidiuretic Function of Other Hormones.- 8.5. Purification of Diuretic and Antidiuretic Hormones.- 8.6. Mode of Action of Diuretic Hormone.- 8.7. Ion Metabolism.- 8.8. Conclusions.- 9 Metabolism.- 9.1. Proteases and Amylases.- 9.2. Proteins.- 9.3. Carbohydrates.- 9.3.1. Diapause Hormone.- 9.3.2. Hypertrehalosemic Hormone.- 9.3.3. Hypotrehalosemic Hormone.- 9.3.4. Glycogenolytic Hormone.- 9.3.5. Neurohormones and Blood Glucose Concentration.- 9.3.6. Amines.- 9.4. Lipids.- 9.4.1. Adipokinetic Hormone.- 9.4.2. Hypolipemic Factor.- 9.5. Respiratory Metabolism.- 9.6. Purification of Metabolic Neurohormones.- 9.6.1. Hypertrehalosemic Hormone.- 9.6.2. Adipokinetic Hormone.- 9.6.3. Adipokinetic Hormone and Crustacean Chromactivating Hormone.- 9.7. Metabolic Hormones of Vertebrates and Insects.- 9.8. Mode of Action of Metabolic Hormones.- 9.9. Conclusions.- 10 Neurohormones and Cuticle.- 10.1. Tanning.- 10.1.1. Flies.- 10.1.2. The Cockroaches Periplaneta americana and Leucophaea maderae.- 10.1.3. The Migratory Locust Locusta migratoria.- 10.1.4. The Mealworm Tenebrio molitor.- 10.1.5. Lepidoptera.- 10.1.6. Aphids.- 10.2. Plasticization.- 10.3. Melanization.- 10.4. Endocuticle Secretion.- 10.5. Disaggregation of Cell Fragments of the Wings.- 10.6. Diuresis Linked to Tanning.- 10.7. Puparium Formation.- 10.8. Interspecific Activity.- 10.8.1. Bursicon.- 10.8.2. Puparium Tanning Factor.- 10.8.3. Bursicon and Other Neurohormones.- 10.9. Neurohormone Purification.- 10.9.1. Bursicon.- 10.9.2. ARF and PTF.- 10.10. Mode of Action of Tanning Hormones.- 10.11. Conclusions.- Concluding Remarks.- Addendum.- A.1. Synthesis, Storage, and Release of Neurohormones.- A.1.1. Neurophysin and Neurohormones.- A.1.2. Immunoreactive Compounds.- A.1.3. Brain Neurosecretory Cells.- A.1.4. Neurosecretory Cells of the Sympathetic Nervous System.- A.1.5. Peripheral Neurosecretory Cells.- A.1.6. Release Sites of Brain Neurosecretory Products.- A.2. Control of Endocrine Gland Activity.- A.2.1. Control of Brain Hormone Secretion.- A.2.2. Molting Gland Activation.- A.2.3. Molting Gland-Innervating Neurons.- A.2.4. Juvenile Hormone and Molting Gland Stimulation.- A.2.5. Brain Hormone Purification.- A.2.6. Ecdysone Production in the Ovary.- A.2.7. Ecdysone and Corpora Allata Activity.- A.2.8. Juvenile Hormone Esterase Regulation.- A.3. Diapause.- A.3.1. Pupal Diapause Regulation.- A.3.2. Embryonic Diapause.- A.4. Reproduction.- A.4.1. Vitellogenesis.- A.4.2. Ecdysone and Brain Neurosecretory Activity.- A.4.3. Origin of Antigonadotropins.- A.5. Functioning of the Visceral Muscles.- A.5.1. Proctolin Source Cells.- A.5.2. Myotropic Factors.- A.6. Morphological and Physiological Color Change.- A.6.1. Insect and Crustacean Chromactivating Factors.- A.7. Behavior and Rhythmic Phenomena.- A.7.1. Eclosion Hormone.- A.8. Osmoregulation.- A.8.1. Diuretic Hormone.- A.8.2. Origin of Diuretic Hormone.- A.8.3. Ion Regulation.- A.8.4. Mode of Action of Diuretic Ho…