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Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease.
The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states.
Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity - periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major 'idiopathic' diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position.
Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota
Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition
Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease
Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease
Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.
Auteur
Luigi Nibali is a Senior Clinical Lecturer in the Clinical Oral Research Centre, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University London in London, UK.
Brian Henderson is a Professor of Microbial Diseases in the School of Life and Medical Sciences at University College London in London, UK.
Contenu
List of contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Section 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome 1
1 The human microbiota: an historical perspective 3
Michael Wilson
1.1 Introduction: the discovery of the human microbiota: why do we care? 3
1.2 The importance of the indigenous microbiota in health and disease 3
1.3 The development of technologies for characterising the indigenous microbiota 8
1.4 Cultureindependent approaches to microbial community analysis 29
1.5 Determination of microbial community functions 31
1.6 Closing remarks 32
Takehome message 32
References 33
2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis 37
Mike Curtis
2.1 Definition of dysbiosis 37
2.2 The 'normal' microbiota 38
2.3 Main features of dysbiosis 45
2.4 Conclusions 49
Takehome message 53
Acknowledgment 53
References 53
3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system 55
Hervé M. Blottière and Joël Doré
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Who is there how is it composed? 56
3.3 A system in interaction with food 58
3.4 A system highly impacted by the host 61
3.5 A system in interaction with human cells 62
3.6 Conclusion: an intriguing integrated interactive system deserving further study 63
Takehome message 63
References 63
4 The oral microbiota 67
William G. Wade
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Composition of the oral microbiome 68
4.3 The oral microbiota in health 71
4.4 Role of oral microbiome in disease 73
4.5 Future outlook 75
Takehome message 75
References 76
5 The skin microbiota 81
Patrick L.J.M. Zeeuwen and Joost Schalkwijk
5.1 Normal skin 81
5.2 Skin diseases 83
5.3 Experimental studies 87
5.4 Dynamics of the skin microbiome 87
5.5 Axillary skin microbiome transplantation 89
5.6 Mouse skin microbiome studies 89
5.7 Concluding remarks 90
Takehome message 90
References 90
6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome 95
Luis G. BermúdezHumarán
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 The human microbiome 96
6.3 Changes in microbiota composition during host life cycles 97
6.4 The human microbiome and the environment 98
6.5 Disease and health implications of microbiome 99
6.6 Conclusions 105
Takehome message 105
References 106
Section 2 Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease 113
7 Systems biology of bacteriahost interactions 115
Almut Heinken Dmitry A. Ravcheev and Ines Thiele
7.1 Introduction 115
7.2 Computational analysis of hostmicrobe interactions 118
7.3 Networkbased modeling 121
7.4 Other computational modeling approaches 127
7.5 Conclusion 129
Takehome message 130
Acknowledgments 130
References 131
8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms 139
Jessica Snowden
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Biofilms in human disease 139
8.3 Biofilm formation 141
8.4 Immune responses to biofilms 143
8.5 Biofilm immune evasion strategies 147
8.6 Vaccines and biofilm therapeutics 148
8.7 Conclusions 149
Takehome message 149
References 150
9 Coevolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences for modernday life 155
Markus B. Geuking
9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Symbiosis ...