Document Imaging

Document imaging is a new discipline in applied computer science. It is building bridges between computer graphics, the world of prepress and press, and the areas of color vision and color reproduction. The focus of this book is of special relevance to people learning how to utilize and integrate such available technology as digital printing or short run color, how to make use of CIM techniques for print products, and how to evaluate related technologies that will become relevant in the next few years. This book is the first to give a comprehensive overview of document imaging, the areas involved, and how they relate. For readers with a background in computer graphics it gives insight into all problems related to putting information in print, a field only very thinly covered in textbooks on computer graphics.

Contenu

1 Preface.- 2 Introduction.- 2.1 A Simple Reference Model for Document Imaging.- 2.2 Topics Covered.- 3 Color Phenomena in Display and Printing.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Human Eye.- 3.2.1 Retina: Rods for Brightness and Cones for Chromaticity.- 3.3 Eye Response Functions.- 3.4 Illuminants (Daylight, A, B, C, D50, D65) and White Point.- 3.5 Metamere Colors.- 3.6 Tristimulus vs. Opponent Color Theory.- 3.7 Model of Vision for Colored Objects.- 3.8 Equally Distant Color Systems.- 3.8.1 CIE Lu*v.- 3.8.2 CIE La*b.- 3.8.3 Color Difference Measures.- 3.8.4 Standard White Values.- 3.8.5 Metameric Index.- 3.9 Color in Printing: RGB, CMY(K), CIE La*b, and Separations.- 3.10 Halftoning.- 3.11 Simple Model for Halftoning Screens.- 3.12 Clustered Dot Halftoning.- 3.13 Dot Shapes.- 3.14 Overprinting of Multiple Separations.- 3.15 Rational vs. Irrational Screens.- 3.16 FM screens.- 3.17 AM, FM, and Dot Gain.- 3.18 A Simple Printing Model: The Neugebauer Equations.- 3.19 Printing Processes on an Offset Press.- 3.19.1 Thickness of Ink Coating.- 3.19.2 Raster Points in the Process.- 3.19.3 Press Effects.- 3.19.4 Printing Characteristics.- 3.19.5 Color Balance.- 3.19.6 Ink Trapping and Color Printing Sequence.- 3.19.7 Color Control Strip.- 3.20 Press Measurement.- 3.20.1 Densitometrie Measurement.- 3.20.2 Colorimetric Measurement.- 4 Fully Digital Workflow for CIM for Print.- 4.1 Creative Systems.- 4.1.1 Text: Text Editors, Typesetting Systems.- 4.1.2 Graphics: Graphics Editors.- 4.1.3 Images: Scanners, Image Editors.- 4.1.4 External Representations (Import/Export): PS, EPS, AI, TIFF, OPI.- 4.2 Layout Tools.- 4.2.1 Import to Layout.- 4.2.2 Export from Layout.- 4.3 Imposition Tools.- 4.3.1 Input to Imposition.- 4.3.2 Output from Imposition.- 4.4 OPI Servers.- 4.4.1 Import.- 4.4.2 Export.- 4.5 RIPs.- 4.5.1 Structure and Architecture of RIPs.- 4.5.2 Processing Graphical Primitives in a RIP.- 4.5.3 RIPs and Image Setter Device Effects.- 4.5.4 Performance of RIPs.- 4.5.5 Functionality of RIPs.- 4.5.6 Environments for RIPs.- 4.5.7 Controlling the RIP Process.- 4.5.8 Quality Issues for RIPs.- 4.5.9 Resources for the RIP.- 4.5.10 RIPs as Part of a Workflow Solution.- 4.5.11 Input into and Output from RIPs.- 4.6 Trapping.- 4.6.1 Trapping in Applications.- 4.6.2 Trapping in the RIP.- 4.7 Image Setters.- 4.7.1 Input into the Image Setters.- 4.7.2 Output from Image Setters on Film or Plate.- 4.8 Plate Copiers.- 4.8.1 Plate Copy Input and Output.- 4.9 Presses.- 4.9.1 Import: Plates, CIP3 PPF.- 4.9.2 Output: Print Sheets.- 4.10 Finishing Equipment.- 5 Formats.- 5.1 PostScript.- 5.1.1 Level 1.- 5.1.2 Level 2.- 5.1.3 Encapsulated PostScript.- 5.1.4 Integrating different PostScript sources.- 5.1.5 Color Concepts in PostScript.- 5.1.6 Device Independence.- 5.1.7 PostScript Language Excursion.- 5.2 Acrobat and Portable Document Format.- 5.3 Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).- 5.3.1 Color Concepts in TIFF.- 5.3.2 Image Organization.- 5.3.3 Compression and Encoding Methods.- 5.4 CGM.- 5.4.1 CGM 1987.- 5.4.2 CGM 1992.- 5.4.3 CGM Encodings.- 5.5 Image Interchange Facility (IPI-IIF).- 5.6 Prepress Interchange Formats.- 5.6.1 IT8.- 5.6.2 Handshake.- 5.6.3 ChromaLink.- 5.7 PhotoCD.- 5.8 Document Related Standards.- 5.8.1 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).- 5.8.2 Standard Page Description Language (SPDL).- 6 Problem Areas.- 6.1 Color.- 6.1.1 Color Space.- 6.1.2 Color Calibration.- 6.1.3 Color Management.- 6.1.4 Transparency.- 6.1.5 Color Interpolation.- 6.2 Fonts.- 6.2.1 Font Formats.- 6.2.2 Font Exchange.- 6.2.3 Font Substitution.- 6.3 Resource Requirements.- 7 The Integration Problem.- 7.1 Integration of different Formats.- 7.2 Conversion to a single Format.- 7.3 Integration without Conversion.- 7.3.1 Integration Architecture.- 7.3.2 Interpreter Kernel.- 7.3.3 PostScript Parser.- 7.3.4 PCL 5 and HPGL2.- 7.3.5 CGM.- 7.3.6 Image Formats.- 7.3.7 Image Filters.- 7.3.8 Font Server.- 7.3.9 TigerType.- 8 Information Interchange for the Production.- 8.1 Media Use for Information Interchange.- 8.2 Interchange of Editable Objects.- 8.3 Advertisement Transmission from Prepress to Newspapers.- 8.4 The CIP3 Print Production Format (PPF).- 8.4.1 What is CIP3 PPF?.- 8.4.2 How to Boost Productivity?.- 8.4.3 Order Processing.- 8.4.4 Prepress.- 8.4.5 Press.- 8.4.6 Postpress.- 8.4.7 Delivery.- 8.4.8 CIP3 History.- 8.4.9 Members of CIP3 Group as of March 1997.- 8.4.10 Content of CIP3 PPF (V2.0).- 8.4.11 State-of-the-art Example.- 8.4.12 CIP3 Example.- 8.4.13 Current Use at Different Stages.- 8.4.14 CIP3 PPF Extensions in Work.- 8.4.15 Productivity Benefits of CIP3.- 8.4.16 Experiences in Practice.- 8.4.17 CIP3 Environmental Benefits.- 8.4.18 Information About CIP3.- 9 Outlook: From Printing to Cross Media Publishing.- Bibliography and References.