Elements of Modern X-ray Physics

Eagerly awaited, this second edition of a best-selling text comprehensively describes from a modern perspective the basics of x-ray physics as well as the completely new opportunities offered by synchrotron radiation. Written by internationally acclaimed authors, the style of the book is to develop the basic physical principles without obscuring them with excessive mathematics.

The second edition differs substantially from the first edition, with over 30% new material, including:

• A new chapter on non-crystalline diffraction - designed to appeal to the large community who study the structure of liquids, glasses, and most importantly polymers and bio-molecules

• A new chapter on x-ray imaging - developed in close cooperation with many of the leading experts in the field

• Two new chapters covering non-crystalline diffraction and imaging

• Many important changes to various sections in the book have been made with a view to improving the exposition

• Four-colour representation throughout the text to clarify key concepts

• Extensive problems after each chapter

There is also supplementary book material for this title available online (http://booksupport.wiley.com).

Praise for the previous edition:

"The publication of Jens Als-Nielsen and Des McMorrow's Elements of Modern X-ray Physics is a defining moment in the field of synchrotron radiation... a welcome addition to the bookshelves of synchrotron-radiation professionals and students alike.... The text is now my personal choice for teaching x-ray physics...."
--Physics Today, 2002

Auteur

Professor Emeritus Jens Als-Nielsen of the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, has been a pioneer in the field of neutron and x-ray scattering contributing to setting high standards for large international synchrotron centres. Today Jens Als-Nielsen's research is still - even after his official retirement - concentrated around x-ray radiation's potential in biological and medical research.? He was educated as a civil engineer in the field of electrophysics and from 1961-1995 was employed at the Riso National Laboratory, as section leader for the Solid-State Physics Section and later as division leader for the Physics Division. He has spent time at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF, Grenoble. From 1995 until his retirement in 2007 he was professor in experimental solid-state physics at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen. In 1985 he received the European Physical Society's Hewlett-Packard prize in solid-state physics and in 2009 the Velux Fonden's Honour Award for his research in the field of neutron and X-ray scattering. Professor Desmond McMorrow is Professor of Physics at University College London. He received his B.Sc from Sheffield University in 1983and his PhD in 1987 from the University of Manchester. After spending time in research at Edinburgh and Oxford he then worked with at the Riso National Laboratory and collaborated with Professor Als-Nieslen between 1998 and 2003. In 2004 he took up his position at UCL and received from 2004 - 2009 the Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award. His research is focussed on understanding how electrons organise themselves in solids to produce the wonderfully diverse range of phenomena encountered in modern condensed matter physics. His research is based mainly on using x-rays and neutrons to probe the structural and magnetic correlations that dominate the low-energy behaviour of these and other interesting classes of solids.

Texte du rabat
It is over a decade since the first edition of the bestseller Elements of Modern X-ray Physics was published. Given the immense level of interest in X-rays and their exploitation, there have been extensive developments in this field in the intervening years. In response to this progress, Elements of Modern X-ray Physics has been completely revised and updated and includes:

• A new chapter on X-ray imaging with an emphasis on recent progress
• A new chapter on the determination of the structure of non-crystalline materials, including liquids, glasses, polymers and bio-molecules
• Exercises and solutions at the end of most chapters
  This new edition will appeal to students of courses in X-ray science, as well as biologists, materials scientists, chemists, geologists and physicists using synchrotron radiation in their research.

The availability of intense beams from modern sources has revolutionized the field of X-ray science. The capabilities of these new sources is exemplified on the front cover which shows the diffraction pattern from a crystal of the Photo Active Protein (PYP) obtained using a single pulse of X-rays lasting only 100 pico seconds from a synchrotron storage ring. This extremely short exposure time is contrasted on the back cover with the 1000 seconds or so it took von Laue to record one of the first one of the first ever X-ray diffraction pattern from crystal of ZbS approximately a century ago.

Contenu

Preface v

Preface to the rst edition vi

Acknowledgements from the rst edition vii

Notes on the use of this book vii

1 X-rays and their interaction with matter 1

1.1 X-rays: waves and photons 2

1.2 Scattering 5

1.3 Absorption 18

1.4 Refraction and reection 23

1.5 Coherence 25

1.6 Magnetic interactions 27

1.7 Further reading 28

2 Sources 29

2.1 Early history and the X-ray tube 29

2.2 Introduction to synchrotron radiation 30

2.3 Synchrotron radiation from a circular arc 33

2.4 Undulator radiation 43

2.5 Wiggler radiation 59

2.6 Free-electron lasers 61

2.7 Compact light sources 62

2.8 Coherence volume and photon degeneracy 64

2.9 Further reading 66

2.10 Exercises 66

3 Refraction and reection from interfaces 69

3.1 Refraction and phase shift in scattering 70

3.2 Refractive index and scattering length density 71

3.3 Refractive index including absorption 75

3.4 Snell's law and the Fresnel equations in the X-ray region 77

3.5 Reection from a homogeneous slab 81

3.6 Specular reection from multilayers 85

3.7 Reectivity from a graded interface 89

3.8 Rough interfaces and surfaces 90

3.9 Examples of reectivity studies 97

3.10 X-ray optics 101

3.11 Further reading 111

3.12 Exercises 111

4 Kinematical scattering I: non-crystalline materials 113

4.1 Two electrons 114

4.2 Scattering from an atom 118

4.3 Scattering from a molecule 123

4.4 Scattering from liquids and glasses 125

4.5 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 134

4.6 Further reading 145

4.7 Exercises 145

5 Kinematical scattering II: crystalline order 147

5.1 Scattering from a crystal 147

5.2 Quasiperiodic structures 164

5.3 Crystal truncation rods 169

5.4 Lattice vibrations, the Debye-Waller factor and TDS 172

5.5 The measured intensity from a crystallite 179

5.6 Applications of kinematical diffraction 187

5.7 Further reading 203

5.8 Exercises 204

6 Diffraction by perfect crystals 207

6.1 One atomic layer: reection and transmission 209

6.2 Kinematical reection from a few layers 210

6.3 Darwin theory and dynamical diffraction 212

6.4 The Darwin reectivity curve 216

6.5 DuMond diagrams 230

6.6 Further reading 237

6.7 Exercises

7 Photoelectric absorption 239

7.1 X-ray absorption by an isolated atom 242

7.2 EXAFS and near-edge structure 251

7.3 X-ray dichroism 261

7.4 ARPES 268

7.5 Further reading 271

7.6 Exercises 272

8 Resonant scattering 275

8.1 The forced charged oscillator model 277

8.2 The atom as an assembly of oscillators 281

8.3 The Kramers-Kronig relations 282

8.4 Numerical estimate of f 284

8.5 Breakdown of Friedel's law and Bijvoet pairs 289

8.6 The phase problem in crystallography 295

8.7 Quantum mechanical description 300

8.8 Further reading 302

8.9 Exercises 30…