Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media

International Series of Monographs in Electromagnetic Waves, Volume 3: Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media provides information pertinent to the electromagnetic waves in media whose properties differ in one particular direction. This book discusses the important feature of the waves that enables communications at global distances.
Organized into 13 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the general analysis for the electromagnetic response of a plane stratified medium comprising of any number of parallel homogeneous layers. This text then explains the reflection of electromagnetic waves from planar stratified media. Other chapters consider the oblique reflection of plane electromagnetic waves from a continuously stratified medium. This book discusses as well the fundamental theory of wave propagation around a sphere. The final chapter deals with the theory of propagation in a spherically stratified medium.
This book is a valuable resource for electrical engineers, scientists, and research workers.

Contenu

Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
I General Introduction

1. Scope of the Subject
2. Notation and Some Basic Ideas
3. Summary of Subject Matter in following Chapters
   General References
   II Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Horizontally Stratified Media
   Abstract
4. Introduction
5. Plane Wave Incidence
6. Extension to Perpendicular Incidence
7. Impedance Matching and Natural Oscillations in Stratified Media
8. Line Source Excitation
9. Line Source on a Homogeneous Medium
10. Line Source over a Thin Layer
11. The Radiation Field of the Line Source for Any Number of Layers
12. Magnetic Line Source over a Stratified Medium
13. Magnetic Line Source over a Dielectric Coated Conductor
14. The Fields of a Vertical Electric Dipole over a Stratified Half-Space
15. Some Experimental Measurements
    Appendix A Evaluation of the Integral P
    Appendix B Numerical Results for Surface Impedance of a Stratified Conductor
    References
    III Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Inhomogeneous Media with Special Profiles
    Abstract
16. Introduction
17. General Considerations
18. Inverse Square Profile
19. Profile with an Exponential Transition
20. Other Exponential Profiles
21. Linear Profile
22. Extension to Vertical Polarization
23. Exponential Profile with Vertical Polarization
24. Power Law Profile for Normal Incidence
    References
    IV Approximate Methods for Treating Reflections from Inhomogeneous Media
    Abstract
25. Introduction and the Conventional WKB Method
26. WKB Method for Oblique Incidence
27. Generalization of WKB Method
28. Generalized WKB Method for Vertical Polarization
29. Relation to Geometrical Optics
30. Application to Tropospheric Propagation
31. The Phase Integral Approach
32. A Generalization of the Phase Integral Method
33. Phase Integral for Vertical Polarization
34. Rapidly Varying Transition Region
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Differential Equation for the Reflection Coefficient
    10.3 Iterative Solution
    10.4 Some Simple Extensions of the Solution
    10.5 Discussion of the Form of the Solution
    References
    V Propagation along a Spherical Surface
    Abstract
35. Basic Formulation
36. The Watson Transformation
37. Formula for Small Curvature
38. Influence of an Inhomogeneous Atmosphere
39. Equivalent Earth Radius Concept
40. Extension to Non-Linear Atmosphere
41. Asymptotic Form of the Solution
42. Distance to the Horizon
43. Concluding Remarks
    References
    VI Fundamentals of Mode Theory of Wave Propagation
    Abstract
44. Introduction
45. Basic Concepts
46. Formulation for Flat Earth Case
    3.1 Vertical Dipole Excitation
    3.2 Horizontal Dipole Excitation
47. Properties of the Modes for Flat Earth Case
    4.1 Vertical Polarization
    4.2 Horizontal Polarization
48. Influence of Earth Curvature
49. Mode Series for a Curved Earth
50. Antipodal Effects
51. Resonator-Type Oscillations between Earth and the Ionosphere
52. Excitation by Horizontal Dipoles for the Curved Earth
53. Higher Approximations to the Curved Earth Theory
54. Influence of Stratification at the Lower Edge of the Ionosphere
55. Average Decay Laws
56. Appendix
    References
    VII Characteristics of the Modes for VLF Propagation
    Abstract
57. Introduction
58. The Ground Wave
59. The Sky Waves
60. The Roots of the Modal Equation
61. Comments on a More Accurate Form of the Mode Equation
62. The Height-Gain Functions
63. The Excitation of VLF Modes
64. Discussion of the Earth Detached Mode
    References
    VIII Propagation in Stratified Magneto-Plasma Media
    Abstract
65. Introduction
66. The Dielectric Properties of a Plasma
67. The Field Equations
68. Reflection Coefficient for a Plane Boundary between Free Space and Plasma
69. Reflection from a Stratified Plasma
70. Arbitrary Inclination of Magnetic Field
71. Reflection from a Homogeneous Plasma with Arbitrary Magnetic Field
72. Derivation of Approximate Reflection Coefficients
73. The Mode Series for an Anisotropic Ionosphere
74. Effect of Earth Curvature
    Appendix A
    Appendix B A Note on the Energy Dependence of the Collision Frequency
    Appendix C Application of the Booker Quartic to Calculation of Reflection Coefficients
    References
    IX VLF Propagation-Theory and Experiment
    Abstract
75. Introduction
76. Approximate Solutions of the Mode Equation
    2.1 Alternate Expansion for the Reflection Coefficient
    2.2 Application of the Q.L. Approximation
    2.3 Application of the Transverse Condition
    2.4 Extension to Arbitrary Dipping Magnetic Field
    2.5 Inclusion of Earth Curvature in the Analysis
77. Measured Field Strength vs. Distance Data at VLF
78. Measured Phase Characteristics of VLF Carriers
79. Measurements of Diurnal Phase Shifts at VLF
80. Sferics and Mode Theory
    References
    X ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) Propagation-Theory and Experiment
    Abstract
81. Introduction
82. Basic Theoretical Model
83. Antipodal Effects
84. Earth-Flattening Approximation
85. Distance and Frequency Dependence
86. Near-Field Behavior
87. Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field
88. Effect of an Inhomogeneous Atmosphere
89. Propagation of ELF Pulses
90. Interpretation of Hepburn's Experimental Data
91. Influence of Horizontal Currents
    Appendix
    References
    XI Asymptotic Development for Guided Wave Propagation
    Abstract
92. Introduction
93. Formulation of Problem
94. The Complex Integral Representation
95. The Mode Representation
96. Ray Theory and Saddle Point Approximations
97. Relation to Geometrical Optics
98. Treatment at the Caustic
99. Applications to Tropospheric Propagation
100. Concluding Remarks
     References
     XII Superrefraction and the Theory of Tropospheric Ducting
     Abstract
101. Introduction
102. Formulation
103. The Asymptotic Solution
104. The Special Case of a Normal Atmosphere
105. Reduction to Ray Theory for "Normal" Atmosphere
106. Extension of Theory to Include Superrefraction
107. Refinements to the Asymptotic Approximations
108. A Few Quantitative Results for Tropospheric Ducting
109. Reduction to the Phase Integral Form
110. The Modified Index of Refraction Method
     References
     XIII Appendix-Supplementary Material
111. Influence of the Lower Ionosphere on Propagation of VLF Waves to Great Distances
112. Height-Gain for VLF Radio Waves 379
113. Concerning Solutions of the VLF Mode Problem for an Anisotropic Curved Ionosphere
114. Reflection of VLF Radio Waves from an Inhomogeneous Ionosphere
     Part I. Exponentially Varying Isotropic Model
115. Reflection of VLF Radio Waves from an Inhomogeneous I…