Electric Power Principles

A revised and updated text that explores the fundamentals of the physics of electric power handling systems

The revised and updated second edition of Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use offers an innovative and comprehensive approach to the fundamentals of electric power. The author - a noted expert on the topic - provides a thorough grounding in electric power systems, with an informative discussion on per-unit normalisations, symmetrical components and iterative load flow calculations. The text covers the most important topics within the power system, such as protection and DC transmission, and examines both traditional power plants and those used for extracting sustainable energy from wind and sunlight.

The text explores the principles of electromechanical energy conversion and magnetic circuits and synchronous machines - the most important generators of electric power. The book also contains information on power electronics, induction and direct current motors. This new second edition includes:

• A new chapter on energy storage, including battery modeling and how energy storage and associated power electronics can be used to modify system dynamics

• Information on voltage stability and bifurcation

• The addition of Newton's Method for load flow calculations

• Material on the grounding transformer connections added to the section on three phase transformer

• An example of the unified power flow controller for voltage support

Written for students studying electric power systems and electrical engineering, the updated second edition of Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use is the classroom-tested text that offers an understanding of the basics of the physics of electric power handling systems.

Auteur

JAMES L. KIRTLEY is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. He has also worked for General Electric, Large Steam Turbine Generator Department, as an Electrical Engineer, for Satcon Technology Corporation as Vice President, Chief Scientist and General Manager of the Tech Center, USA, and was Gastdozent at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland.

Contenu
Preface xv

About the Companion Website xvii

1 Electric Power Systems 1

1.1 Electric Utility Systems 2

1.2 Energy and Power 3

1.2.1 Basics and Units 3

1.3 Sources of Electric Power 5

1.3.1 Heat Engines 5

1.3.2 Power Plants 6

1.3.2.1 Environmental Impact of Burning Fossil Fuels 7

1.3.3 Nuclear Power Plants 8

1.3.4 Hydroelectric Power 9

1.3.5 Wind Turbines 10

1.3.6 Solar Power Generation 12

1.4 Electric Power Plants and Generation 14

1.5 Problems 15

2 AC Voltage, Current, and Power 17

2.1 Sources and Power 17

2.1.1 Voltage and Current Sources 17

2.1.2 Power 18

2.1.3 Sinusoidal Steady State 18

2.1.4 Phasor Notation 19

2.1.5 Real and Reactive Power 19

2.1.5.1 Root Mean Square (RMS) Amplitude 20

2.2 Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors 20

2.2.1 Reactive Power and Voltage 22

2.2.1.1 Example 22

2.2.2 Reactive Power Voltage Support 22

2.3 Voltage Stability and Bifurcation 23

2.3.1 Voltage Calculation 24

2.3.2 Voltage Solution and Effect of Reactive Power 25

2.4 Problems 26

3 Transmission Lines 33

3.1 Modeling: Telegrapher's Equations 33

3.1.1 Traveling Waves 35

3.1.2 Characteristic Impedance 35

3.1.3 Power 36

3.1.4 Line Terminations and Reflections 36

3.1.4.1 Examples 37

3.1.4.2 Lightning 38

3.1.4.3 Inductive Termination 39

3.1.5 Sinusoidal Steady State 41

3.2 Problems 44

4 Polyphase Systems 47

4.1 Two-phase Systems 47

4.2 Three-phase Systems 48

4.3 LineLine Voltages 51

4.3.1 Example: Wye- and Delta-connected Loads 52

4.3.2 Example: Use of WyeDelta for Unbalanced Loads 53

4.4 Problems 55

5 Electrical and Magnetic Circuits 59

5.1 Electric Circuits 59

5.1.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law 59

5.1.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 60

5.1.3 Constitutive Relationship: Ohm's Law 60

5.2 Magnetic Circuit Analogies 62

5.2.1 Analogy to KCL 62

5.2.2 Analogy to KVL: Magnetomotive Force 62

5.2.3 Analogy to Ohm's Law: Reluctance 63

5.2.4 Simple Case 64

5.2.5 Flux Confinement 64

5.2.6 Example: C-Core 65

5.2.7 Example: Core with Different Gaps 66

5.3 Problems 66

6 Transformers 71

6.1 Single-phase Transformers 71

6.1.1 Ideal Transformers 72

6.1.2 Deviations from an Ideal Transformer 73

6.1.3 Autotransformers 75

6.2 Three-phase Transformers 76

6.2.1 Example 78

6.2.2 Example: Grounding or Zigzag Transformer 80

6.3 Problems 81

7 Polyphase Lines and Single-phase Equivalents 87

7.1 Polyphase Transmission and Distribution Lines 87

7.1.1 Example 89

7.2 Introduction to Per-unit Systems 90

7.2.1 Normalization of Voltage and Current 90

7.2.2 Three-phase Systems 91

7.2.3 Networks with Transformers 92

7.2.4 Transforming from One Base to Another 92

7.2.5 Example: Fault Study 93

7.2.5.1 One-line Diagram of the Situation 93

7.3 Appendix: Inductances of Transmission Lines 95

7.3.1 Single Wire 95

7.3.2 Mutual Inductance 96

7.3.3 Bundles of Conductors 97

7.3.4 Transposed Lines 98

7.4 Problems 98

8 Electromagnetic Forces and Loss Mechanisms 103

8.1 Energy Conversion Process 103

8.1.1 Principle of Virtual Work 104 8.1.1.1 Example: Lifting Magn...