Pharmacology of Antibiotics

The International Society of Chemotherapy meets every two years to review progress in chemotherapy of infections and of malignant disease. Each meeting gets larger to encompass the extension of chemotherapy into new areas. In some instances, expansion has been rapid, for example in cephalosporins, pen­ icillins and combination chemotherapy of cancer - in others slow, as in the field of parasitology. New problems of resistance and untoward effects arise; reduction of host toxicity without loss of antitumour activity by new substances occupies wide attention. The improved results with cancer chemotherapy, es­ pecially in leukaemias, are leading to a greater prevalence of severe infection in patients so treated, pharmacokinetics of drugs in normal and diseased subjects is receiving increasing attention along with related problems of bioavailability and interactions between drugs. Meanwhile the attack on some of the major bacterial infections, such as gonorrhoea and tubercu­ losis, which were among the first infections to feel the impact of chemotherapy, still continue to be major world problems and are now under attack with new agents and new methods. From this wide field and the 1,000 papers read at the Congress we have produced Proceedings which reflect the variety and vigour of research in this important field of medicine. It was not possible to include all of the papers presented at the Congress but we have attempted to include most aspects of cur­ rent progress in chemotherapy.

Contenu

Tissue Binding of Antibiotics.- The In Vivo Significance of Antibiotics in the Tissues.- Antibiotic Concentrations in Human Interstitial Fluid.- Antibiotic Activities Inside Leucocytes.- Antibiotic Concentrations in Sinus Secretions.- Antibiotics in Respiration Secretions in the Experimental Animal.- Antibiotic Concentrations in the Human Bone Marrow and Bone Marrow Hematoma.- Passage of Doxycycline into the Thoracic Duct Lymph after Oral and Intravenous Administration in Man.- Concentration of Antibacterials in Human Seminal Plasma.- Antibiotic Concentrations in Intracranial Pus: A Study from a Collaborative Project.- Concentrations of Antibiotics in Bronchiolar Secretions of the Patients with Chronic Respiratory Infections.- Further Studies on the Protein Binding Inhibitor of Antimicrobials in Uremic Sera.- Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients on Haemodialysis.- Ageing and Antimicrobial Therapy.- Pharmacokinetics of Carbenicillin Through Different Dialysis Membranes.- The Effect of pH on the Transport of Oligosaccharidic Antibiotics Across a Membrane Model System.- Prolonged Excretion of Gentamicin in Patients with Normal Renal Function.- The Use of Gentamicin in Patients with Impaired Renal Function.- Comparative Biliary Excretion of Ampicillin, Metampicillin, and Carbenicillin.- Sisomicin: Serum Half-Life and Distribution Space in Patients with Normal and Impaired Renal Function.- Serum Levels of Nalidixic Acid in Patients with Impaired Renal Function.- Biotransformation of the Antibiotics in the Patients and Animals with Liver Impairment.- Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Cephalosporins.- Ten Years' Experience with the Blood Level Duration Test.- Statistical Aspects of the Blood-Level Duration Test.- Effect of Recumbency on Erythromycin Absorption.- Cholestyramine Induced Antibiotic Malabsorption.- Investigation of the Gastrointestinal Absorption of Ampicillin, Cephalexin, and Pivampicillin.- Comparative Bioavailability of Oral Ampicillin Suspension, Pivampicillin Hydrochloride Salt (Capsule), Pivampicillin Pamoate Salt (Suspension) and Pivampicillin Probenecid Salt (Tablet) in Man.- Biotransformation of Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Oxacillin in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Bacteriuria.- Antibiotic Absorption in Crohn's Disease.- A Pharmacokinetic Study of the Combination Rifampicin Plus Trimethoprim in Man.- The Excretion and Metabolism of Talampicillin in Rat, Dog, and Man.- The Excretion of Hetacillin Methoxymethyl Ester (BL-P1761) into the Prostatic Fluid of the Dog.- Kidney Distribution of Carbenicillin, Indanyl Carbenicillin, Tobramycin, Fosfomycin, and Cefazolin.- Studies on Tissue Distribution of Antibiotics - An Attempt to Estimate Tissue Levels from Macro-Autoradiograms.- Immune Responsiveness to ?-Lactam Antibiotics.- Rifampicin-Induced Antibodies.- Possible Mechanisms in Pathogenesis of Nitrofurantoin-Induced Lung Disease.- Assessing Untoward Effects.- Antimicrobial Usage in the U. S. A..- Prospects for Control of Antibiotic Usage.- Antibiotic Induced Diarrhoea and Colitis in Orthopaedic In-Patients.- Abnormalities in the Fecal Flora of Subacute Myelo-Optic Neuropathy (SMON) Patients and Effects of Clioquinols on Human Intestinal Flora.- Effect of Chloramphenicol on Phagocytic Activity in Human Polymorphonuclear Cells.- The Effect of Rifampicin on Plasma Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Salicylamide Glucuronide Formation and D-Glucaric Acid Excretion.- Side-Effects of High-Dose Dicloxacillin Therapy.- Neurotoxicity of Different Penicillins and the Effect of Diazepam and Phenytoin on Penicillin-Induced Convulsions.- Theoretical Basis and Experimental Studies on the Prevention of Allergic Reactions to Penicillins by a Monovalent Benzylpenicilloyl Hapten.- Clinical Trial of a Monovalent Benzylpenicilloyl Hapten Inhibitor (R0 6-0787) in Penicillin Allergy.- Neuromuscular Blocking Activity of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics.- Meningococcal Prophylaxis: Problems with Minocycline.- Vibramycin Curing Symptoms and Enlargement of Thyroid Gland in Goiter.- Chemotherapy of the Patients with Liver Diseases.- Adverse Reactions under Intermittent Rifampicin Regimens.- Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Interactions of Antibacterial Drugs.- Drug Interactions in Chemotherapy.- Interactions of Nitrofurantoin with Other Drugs in the Human Organism.- In Vitro Studies of Chemical Interaction of Gentamicin or Tobramycin in Combination with Lincomycin or Clindamycin.- Potentiation of Hepatic Damage by the Interaction of Tetracycline and Phenothiazine Derivatives: Therapy and Occurrence of New Psychiatric Symptomatology.- Contributors.