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Covers the logical foundations and interrelationships of thermodynamics and their application to problems that are commonly encountered by the chemist.
Explanations of abstract concepts in a clear and simple, yet still rigorous fashion
Logical arrangement of the material to facilitate learning, including worked out examples.
Computational techniques, graphical, numerical, and analytical, are described fully and are used frequently, both in illustrative and in assigned problems.
Auteur
Irving M. Klotz, PhD, deceased, was a noted expert in chemical thermodynamics and the physical chemistry of proteins. Dr. Klotz was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1968 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1970. He joined the Northwestern faculty in 1940 and retired in 1986. Dr. Klotz was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1971 and published more than 200 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. He wrote Chemical Thermodynamics: Basic Theory and Methods in 1950. Dr. Rosenberg began working with him as coauthor with the third edition. ROBERT M. ROSENBERG, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at Lawrence University and an Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University.
Texte du rabat
A new edition of the classic treatment of chemical thermodynamics
For more than fifty years, this critically acclaimed and highly influential publication has been the textbook of choice in the field of chemical thermodynamics. This Seventh Edition not only brings the text thoroughly up to date with the latest developments and applications, it also offers new features that better enable students to master key concepts and apply them in practice.
While thoroughly revised and updated, the text's fundamental objectives remain unchanged: to present the foundations and interrelationships of thermodynamics and to enable students to apply basic concepts in solving problems typically encountered by chemists, biologists, geologists, and materials scientists. Moreover, the text continues to maintain a logical unity throughout by focusing on the laws of classical thermodynamics and applications to gases, solutions, phase equilibria, and chemical equilibria.
Designed to meet the needs of today's students and instructors, the text offers:
Rigorous explanations of abstract concepts that are clear and simple
Logical organization of materials that enables students to progressively build and apply knowledge
Worked examples demonstrating how concepts are applied to solve actual problems
Detailed coverage of essential mathematical tools, with mathematical review chapters provided for additional support
A thorough presentation of graphical, numerical, and analytical computational techniques
Exercises that accurately reflect the types of problems encountered by practicing scientists
An explanation of the treatment of mixtures of gases, followed by an explanation of the treatment of chemical equilibrium
A new discussion of the relation of Henry's law to regular solutions and the relation of regular solutions to limited miscibility
Updated to reflect the latest applications in science and engineering, Chemical Thermo-dynamics continues to set the standard in its field.
Contenu
Preface xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Origins of Chemical Thermodynamics 1
1.2 Objectives of Chemical Thermodynamics 4
1.3 Limitations of Classic Thermodynamics 4
References 6
2 Mathematical Preparation for Thermodynamics 9
2.1 Variables of Thermodynamics 10
Extensive and Intensive Quantities 10
Units and Conversion Factors 10
2.2 Analytic Methods 10
Partial Differentiation 10
Exact Differentials 15
Homogeneous Functions 18
Exercises 21
References 27
3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 29
3.1 Definitions 29
Temperature 31
Work 33
3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 37
Energy 37
Heat 38
General Form of the First Law 38
Exercises 40
References 41
4 Enthalpy, Enthalpy of Reaction, and Heat Capacity 43
4.1 Enthalpy 44
Definition 44
Relationship between QV and QP 46
4.2 Enthalpy of Reactions 47
Definitions and Conventions 47
4.3 Enthalpy as a State Function 52
Enthalpy of Formation from Enthalpy of Reaction 52
Enthalpy of Formation from Enthalpy of Combustion 53
Enthalpy of Transition from Enthalpy of Combustion 53
Enthalpy of Conformational Transition of a Protein from Indirect Calorimetric Measurements 54
Enthalpy of Solid-State Reaction from Measurements of Enthalpy of Solution 56
4.4 Bond Enthalpies 57
Definition of Bond Enthalpies 57
Calculation of Bond Enthalpies 58
Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Enthalpies 59
4.5 Heat Capacity 60
Definition 61
Some Relationships between CP and CV 62
Heat Capacities of Gases 64
Heat Capacities of Solids 67
Heat Capacities of Liquids 68
Other Sources of Heat Capacity Data 68
4.6 Enthalpy of Reaction as a Function of Temperature 68
Analytic Method 69
Arithmetic Method 71
Graphical or Numerical Methods 72
Exercises 72
References 78
5 Applications of the First Law to Gases 81
5.1 Ideal Gases 81
Definition 81
Enthalpy as a Function of Temperature Only 83
Relationship Between CP and CV 84
Calculation of the Thermodynamic Changes in Expansion Processes 84
5.2 Real Gases 94
Equations of State 94
JouleThomson Effect 98
Calculations of Thermodynamic Quantities in Reversible Expansions 102
Exercises 104
References 108
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 111
6.1 The Need for a Second Law 111
6.2 The Nature of the Second Law 112
Natural Tendencies Toward Equilibrium 112
Statement of the Second Law 112
Mathematical Counterpart of the Verbal Statement 113
6.3 The Carnot Cycle 113
The Forward Cycle 114
The Reverse Cycle 116
Alternative Statement of the Second Law 117
Carnot's Theorem 118
6.4 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 120
6.5 The Definition of S, the Entropy of a System 125
6.6 The Proof that S is a Thermodynamic Property 126
Any Substance in a Carnot Cycle 126
Any Substance in Any Reversible Cycle 127
Entropy S Depends Only on the State of the System 129
6.7 Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes 130
General Statement 130
Isothermal Reversible Changes 130
Adiabatic Reversible Changes 131
Reversible Phase Transitions 131 <p...