Combustion 2e

Combustion, Second Edition focuses on the underlying principles of combustion and covers topics ranging from chemical thermodynamics and flame temperatures to chemical kinetics, detonation, ignition, and oxidation characteristics of fuels. Diffusion flames, flame phenomena in premixed combustible gases, and combustion of nonvolatile fuels are also discussed.
This book consists of nine chapters and begins by introducing the reader to heats of reaction and formation, free energy and the equilibrium constants, and flame temperature calculations. The next chapter explores the rates of reactions and their temperature dependency; simultaneous interdependent and chain reactions; pseudo-first-order reactions; the partial equilibrium assumption; and pressure effect in fractional conversion. The chain branching reactions and criteria for explosion explosion are then considered, along with the limits and oxidation characteristics of fuels such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The remaining chapters look at the laminar flame speed and stability limits of laminar flames; deflagration and detonation; burning in convective atmospheres; and the theory of thermal ignition. The final chapter is devoted to the burning of nonvolatile fuels such as coal.
This monograph will be a valuable resource for students and teachers of physics.

Auteur

Dr. Irvin Glassman received both his undergraduate and graduate degrees in Chemical Engineering from The Johns Hopkins University. In 1950 he joined Princeton University, and is currently Robert H. Goddard Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. He has also been American Cyanamid Professor of Envirionmental Sciences and Director of Princeton's Center for Energy and Evironmental Studies. For 15years Dr. Glassman represented the United States as a member (and former chairman) of the Propulsion and Energetics Panel of AGARD/NATO. He has been a member of numerous committees, task forces, and research teams, and is currently a member of The National Academy of Engineering and many other professional and honorary societies. Dr. Glassman is listed in Who's Who in America, Who's Who in the World, Outstanding Educators of America, and American Men of Science.

Contenu

Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
Acknowledgments to the First Edition
Chapter One: Chemical Thermodynamics and Flame Temperatures
A. Introduction
B. Heats of Reaction and Formation
C. Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constants
D. Flame Temperature Calculations
Problems
References
Chapter Two: Chemical Kinetics
A. Introduction
B. The Rates of Reactions and Their Temperature Dependency

1. The Arrhenius Rate Expression
2. Transition State and Recombination Rate Theories
   C. Simultaneous Interdependent Reactions
   D. Chain Reactions
   E. Pseudo-First-Order Reactions and the "Fall-off" Range
   F. The Partial Equilibrium Assumption
   G. Pressure Effect in Fractional Conversion
   Problems
   References
   Chapter Three: Explosive and General Oxidative Characteristics of Fuels
   A. Introduction
   B. Chain Branching Reactions and Criteria for Explosion
   C. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Hydrogen
   D. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide
   E. Explosion Limits and Oxidation Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
3. Organic Nomenclature
4. Explosion Limits
5. "Low-Temperature" Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms
   F. The Oxidation of Aldehydes
   G. The Oxidation of Methane
   H. The Oxidation of Higher-Order Hydrocarbons
6. Alliphatic Hydrocarbons
7. Alcohols
8. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
   Problems
   References
   Chapter Four: Flame Phenomena in Premixed Combustible Gases
   A. Introduction
   B. Laminar Flame Structure
   C. The Laminar Flame Speed
9. The Theory of Mallard and Le Chatelier
10. The Theory of Zeldovich, Frank-Kamenetskii, and Semenov
11. The Laminar Flame and the Energy Equation
12. Flame Speed Measurements
13. Experimental Results-Physical and Chemical Effects
    D. Stability Limits of Laminar Flames
14. Flammability Limits
15. Quenching Distance
16. Flame Stabilization (Low Velocity)
17. Stability Limits and Design
    E. Turbulent Reacting Flows and Turbulent Flames
18. The Rate of Reaction in a Turbulent Field
19. Regimes of Turbulent Reacting Flows
20. The Turbulent Flame Speed
    F. Stirred Reactor Theory
    G. Flame Stabilization in High-Velocity Streams
    Problems
    References
    Chapter Five: Detonation
    A. Introduction
21. Premixed and Diffusion Flames
22. Explosion, Deflagration, and Detonation
23. The Onset of Detonation
    B. Detonation Phenomena
    C. Hugoniot Relations and the Hydrodynamic Theory of Detonations
24. Characterization of the Hugoniot Curve and the Uniqueness of the Chapman-Jouguet Point
25. Determination of the Speed of Sound in the Burned Gases for Conditions above the Chapman-Jouguet Point
26. Calculation of the Detonation Velocity
    D. Comparison of Detonation Velocity Calculations with Experimental Results
    E. The ZND Structure of Detonation Waves
    F The Structure of the Cellular Detonation Front and other Detonation Phenomena Parameters
27. The Cellular Detonation Front
28. The Dynamic Detonation Parameters
29. Detonation Limits
    G. Detonations in Non-gaseous Media
    Problems
    References
    Chapter Six: Diffusion Flames
    A. Introduction
    B. Gaseous Fuel Jets
30. Appearance
31. Structure
32. Theoretical Considerations
33. The Burke-Schumann Development
34. Turbulent Fuel Jets
    C. Burning of Condensed Phases
35. General Mass Burning Considerations and the Evaporation Coefficient
36. Single Fuel Droplets in Quiescent Atmospheres
    D. Burning of Droplet Clouds
    E. Burning in Convective Atmospheres
37. The Stagnant Film Case
38. The Longitudinally Burning Surface
39. The Flowing Droplet Case
40. Burning Rates of Plastics; The Small a Assumption and Radiation Effects
    Problems
    References
    Chapter Seven: Ignition
    A. Concepts
    B. Chain Spontaneous Ignition
    C. Thermal Spontaneous Ignition
41. Semenov Approach to Thermal Ignition
42. Frank-Kamenetskii Theory of Thermal Ignition
    D. Forced Ignition
43. Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy
44. Ignition by Adiabatic Compression and Shock Waves
    Problems
    References
    Chapter Eight: Environmental Combustion Considerations
    A. Introduction
    B. The Nature of Photochemical Smog
45. Primary and Secondary Pollutants
46. The Effect of NOx
47. The Effect of SOx
    C. NOx Formation and Reduction
48. The Structure of the Nitrogen Oxides
49. The Effect of Flame Structure
50. Atmospheric Nitrogen Kinetics
51. Fuel-Bound Nitrogen Kinetics
52. The Formation of NO2
53. The Reduction of NOx
    D. SOx Emissions
54. The Product Composition and Structure of Sulfur Compounds
55. Oxidative Mechanisms of Sulfur Fuels
    E. Particulate Formation
56. Characteristics of Soot
57. Soot Formation Processes
58. The Use of Flames in Soot Formation Analyses
59. The Influence of Physical and Chemical Parameters on Soot Formation
60. Particulates from Liquid Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis
    F. Stratospheric Ozone
61. The HOx Catalytic Cycle
62. The NOx Catalytic Cycle
63. The CIOx Catalytic Cycle
    Problems
    References
    Chapter Nine: The Combustion of Nonvolatile Fuels
    A. Carbon Char and Metal Combustion
    B. Diffusion Kinetics
    C. Diffusion Controlled Burning Rate
64. The Burning of Carbon Char Particles
65. The Burning of Boron Particles
66. The Role of Gaseous Inverts in Heterogeneous Diffusion Burning
67. Oxidation of Very Small Particles-Pulverized Coal and Soot
    D. The Burning of Porous Chars
    …