Interplanetary Dust

Dust in interplanetary space has many faces: dust originating from comets and asteroids, and interstellar dust sweeping through our solar system. These three components have a genetic relationship: interstellar dust is the solid phase of interstellar matter from which stars and planets form. Cometary dust is the most pristine material from the early solar nebula, and dust from asteroids is material modified during the formation of the solar system. Dusty planetary rings are analogues of the interplanetary dust cloud in their own right. This handbook on the physics of interplanetary dust will be of interest to a broad readership, including astronomers, space scientists and engineers. The following topics are covered in the book: - historical perspectives - optical and thermal properties of interplanetary dust - cometary dust - near-Earth dust environment - meteors - laboratory analysis of collected dust grains - in situ measurements of cosmic dust - impirical modelling of the zodiacal dust cloud - instrumentation for detection and analysis of dust - physical processes affecting dust in space - light scattering by dust grains - orbital evolution of interplanetary dust - dusty planetary rings - interstellar and circumstellar dust

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An excellent handbook on the physics of interplanetary dust, a topic of interest not only to astronomers and space scientists but also to engineers. The following topics are covered in the book: historical perspectives; cometary dust; near-Earth environment; meteoroids and meteors; properties of interplanetary dust, information from collected samples; in situ measurements of cosmic dust; numerical modeling of the Zodiacal Cloud structure; synthesis of observations; instrumentation; physical processes; optical properties of interplanetary dust; orbital evolution of interplanetary dust; circumplanetary dust, observations and simple physics; interstellar dust and circumstellar dust disks. No doubt, the text will be regarded as the standard reference on interplanetary dust for many years to come.

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Color Plates.- Contributors.- Historical Perspectives.- I. Introductory Overview.- II. Early Reports on the Zodiacal Light.- III. Zodiacal Light Observations Until the Beginning of the Space Age.- IV. After the Beginning of the Space Age.- IV.A. Rise and Fall of the Earth's Dust Belt.- IV.B. Zodiacal Light Studied from Near-Earth Space.- V. Microcraters on Lunar Surface Samples and the Lunar Ejecta and Micrometeorite Experiment.- VI. Experiments on Satellites and Space Probes.- VII. Important Results of the Dust Experiments PIA/PUMA and DIDSY on the Missions GIOTTO and VeGa to Comet Halley.- VIII. Outlook.- References.- Optical and Thermal Properties of Interplanetary Dust.- I. Zodiacal Scattered Light.- LA. Historical Survey.- LB. Zodiacal Light Measurements.- I.C. Main Trends in the Data.- I.D. Zodiacal Brightness from 1 AU.- I.E. Zodiacal Polarisation from 1 AU.- II. F-Corona Scattered Light.- II.A. Solar Corona Observations.- II.B. Brightness and Polarisation of the F-Corona.- III. Zodiacal and F -Coronal Thermal Emission.- III.A. Thermal Emission Measurements.- III.B. Zodiacal Thermal Emission from 1 AU.- III.C. Thermal Emission from the F-Corona.- IV. Local Scattering and Thermal Properties.- IV.A. Need for Inversion.- IV.B. Volume Scattering and Emitting Functions.- IV.C. Inversion with Homogeneity Assumption.- IV.D. Local Rigorous Inversion.- IV.E. Local Inversion Through Mathematical Methods.- IV.F Models of the Near Infrared F-Corona.- V. Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- Cometary Dust.- I. Introduction.- II. Dust Dynamical Properties.- II.A. Ejection and Motion of Dust Grains.- II.B. Dust Features in Cometary Heads.- II.C. Dust Tails and Their Structure.- II.D. Dust in Periodic Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.- III. Dust Optical and Physical Properties.- lILA. Thermal Emission.- III.B. Silicates.- III.C. Infrared Spectral Features of Hydrocarbons.- III.D. Scattering by Dust.- III.E. Icy Grains.- IV. Dust Chemical and Isotopic Composition.- IV.A. Facts from Ion Spectra.- IV.B. Bulk Composition.- IV.C. Mineralogical Composition.- V. The Future.- References.- Near Earth Environment.- I. Introduction.- II. The Earth as a Target.- II.A. Natural Meteoroids.- II.B. Meteoroid Properties and Dynamics.- II.C. The Sporadic Background.- II.D. The Annual Meteor Showers.- II.E. Atmospheric Effects.- III. Space Debris.- IV. Modelling Tools.- IV.A. The Griin Interplanetary Dust Model at 1 AU.- IV.B. Spacecraft Geometry.- IV.C. The NASA Orbital Debris Environment Model.- IV.D. ESABASE.- IV.E. MASTER.- IV.F. The Divine Interplanetary Dust Model.- V. Measurements.- V.A. Measurement Techniques.- V.B. Results.- VI. Summary.- References.- Discoveries from Observations and Modeling of the 1998/99 Leonids.- I. Introduction.- II. Meteoroid Streams and Meteor Storms.- III. Observing Campaigns.- IV. Meteoroid Morphology and Composition.- V. The Impact Hazard.- VI. Interaction of Meteoroids with the Atmosphere.- VII. Atmospheric Phenomena.- References.- Properties of Interplanetary Dust: Information from Collected Samples.- I. Introduction.- II. Antarctic and Greenland Micrometeorites.- II.A. Mineralogy and Petrography of MMs.- II.B. Major, Minor and Trace Element Chemistry of MMs.- II.C. Isotope Abundances in MMs.- II.D. Rare Gas Abundances in MMs.- II.E. Conclusions from MM Studies.- III. Stratospheric Interplanetary Dust.- III.A. Shape and External Morphology.- III.B. Density.- III.C. Optical and Infrared Properties.- III.D. Classification and Mineralogy.- III.E. Elemental Composition.- III.F. Isotopic Composition.- IV. Origins.- References.- In situ Measurements of Cosmic Dust.- I. Introduction.- II. Characteristics of In-Situ Dust Measurements in Space.- II.A. Dust Missions and Detectors.- II.B. Reliability of Impact Detection and Impact Rate Measurements.- II.C. Small Number Statistics.- II.D. Detection Geometry and Orbit Determination.- III. Measurements at 1 AU.- III.A. Early Meteoroid Flux Measurements in the Earth-Moon System.- III.B. HEOS-2.- III.C. Hiten.- IV. Measurements Within the Zodiacal Cloud.- IV.A. Helios.- IV.B. Pioneers 8 and 9.- IV.C. Galileo.- IV.D. Ulysses.- V. Measurements in the Outer Solar System.- V.A. Pioneers 10 and 11.- V.B. Jupiter Dust Streams.- V.C. Interstellar Dust.- VI. Characteristics of the Interplanetary Dust Complex as Measured by Spacecraft.- VI.A. Gravity and Radiation Pressure Effects.- VI.B. Electromagnetic Effects.- VII. Future Developments.- References.- Synthesis of Observations.- Preamble.- I. Introduction.- LA. Physical Processes.- LB. Properties of Interplanetary Dust.- I.C. Model Assumptions.- II. Early Modeling.- II.A. Cour-Palais (1969).- II.B. Kessler (1970).- II.C. Grün et al. (1985).- II.D. Zook (1991).- ILE. Comparison.- III. Basic Formulation.- III.A. Phase Space Density.- III.B. Orbital Parameter Distributions.- III.C. Concentrations.- IILD. Particle Fluxes.- IILE. Directional Flux and Impact Speed.- IILF. Radiation Pressure Effects and Hyperbolic Orbits.- IV. Meteoroid Data Sets.- IV.A. Meteors.- IV.B. Lunar Microcraters.- IV.C. Zodiacal Light and Thermal Emission.- IV.D. Early Spacecraft Detectors.- IV.E. Ulysses.- IV.F. Galileo.- V. Divine's Original Model Populations.- VI. Comparison of Divine's Model with Observations.- VI.A. Interplanetary Flux Model (Size Distribution).- VI.B. Meteors (Radial Distribution).- VI.C. Zodiacal Light and Thermal Emission.- VII. New Results.- VII.A. Interstellar Dust Population.- VILB. Meteoroid Populations Affected by Radiation Pressure.- VII.C. Predicted Fluxes onto the Cassini Detector.- VIII. Future Developments.- VIII.A. New Meteor Data and Analysis.- VIII.B. Small Meteoroid Populations.- VIII.C. Formulation of the Dust Environment of Earth-Orbiting Satellites.- VIII.D. Directional Flux onto a Satellite Surface.- VIII.E. Meteoroid Fluxes on LDEF.- References.- Instrumentation.- I. Introduction.- II. Detec…