Intelligence - Theories and Applications

Intelligence allows people to understand events and to shape their surrounding environment. This book delves deeper into the theories and applications of intelligence, showing it is a multifaceted concept -defined and explained differently by prestigious experts of various disciplines in their own research. The book provides interdisciplinary connections of intelligence as it relates to a variety of clearly outlined subject areas, and should lead to a deep understanding of the phenomenon as it pertains to practical applications in different domains. Contributors in this volume present results from evolutionary biology, mathematics, artificial intelligence, medicine, psychology, cultural studies, economy, political sciences and philosophy. Individual scientific models are integrated in an interdisciplinary concept of wisdom. This volume will help enhance the common understanding of intelligence for fellow researchers and scientists alike.

Auteur

Professor Rainer Matthias Holm-Hadulla, MD is a professor of psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy at the University of Heidelberg and the Universidad de Chile. As a guest professor he has been teaching at various universities in North- and Southamerica and in China. He served as the director of the counselling service for students at Heidelberg University for many years and practices as a psychiatrist, psychotherapist and training psychoanalyst (IPA). In his functions as a professor and as a clinician he was confronted with various forms of intelligence and creativity. He reflected his experiences under neuroscientific, psychological and cultural perspectives in several German books: "Creativity - Concept and Life-Style", "Creativity between Construction and Destruction", "The Art of Counselling and Psychotherapy" (also available in English and Spanish), "Passion - Goethe's Path to Creativity" (also available in English, Spanish, Persian and Italian), "Integrative Psychotherapy" (also available in Italian and English with the title "The Recovered Voice - Tales of Practical Psychotherapy").

Prof. Dr. Michael Wink is a full time professor of pharmaceutical biology at the University of Heidelberg, where he has served as the head of the Biology Department at the Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology since 1989. He has been working as a senior professor at Heidelberg University since late 2019. After studying biology and chemistry at the University of Bonn, he conducted research in Braunschweig, Cologne, Munich and Mainz. His fields of work range from phytochemistry, medicinal and poisonous plants, ornithology and natural treasures to systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary research. He is extensively published, as an author/co-author of more than 20 books and over 1000 original papers. He is a visiting professor at universities in China, Thailand, Argentina, and Mexico, as well as a member of various scientific advisory boards, editor of several journals, and recipient of several awards.

Prof. Dr. H.C. Joachim Funke has been Professor of experimental and theoretical psychology at the Psychology Department of Heidelberg University since 1997. He received his doctorate from the University of Trier in 1984. In 1990 he worked on his habilitation at the University of Bonn. Funke has been a visiting professor at various universities, including Fribourg (Switzerland), Melbourne (Australia), Nanjing (China), and Szeged (Hungary). His primary research interests include thinking, creativity, and problem solving. Funke has published numerous articles in international journals, contributed chapters to textbooks, and edited and published his own books. From 2010 to 2014, he served as chair of the International Expert Commission on Problem Solving in the OECD's global PISA studies. He is credited with a shift in the understanding of problem solving that changes the perspective from static to dynamic problem-solving activities. In 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Hungarian University of Szeged for his contributions to the computer-based assessment of problem-solving processes. From October 2011 to March 2019, Funke served as speaker of the university's Academic Senate. His retirement began in April 2019.

Contenu

Table of Contents

1 Foreword

Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla, Joachim Funke & Michael Wink 1

2 Intelligence: theoretical foundations and practical applications. A multi- and interdisciplinary summary

Rainer M. Holm-Hadulla 7

Introduction ............................ 7

Section 1: Biological Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Section 2: The Psychology of Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Section 3: Mathematical and Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . 17

Section 4: Artificial and human intelligence . . . . . . . . 19

Section 5: Economic Intelligence ............... 21

Section 6: Cultural Intelligence ................. 22

Section 7: Political Intelligence and Wisdom . . . . . . . .

3 On the neurobiology of intelligence

Andreas Draguhn.

1 Introduction...........................

2 Why think? The evolution of intelligence . . . . . . . . .

3 Are there "intelligent brains"? ................

4 Subtle differences - why aren't we all equally smart?

4 The intelligent game with coincidences and election

Claudia Erbar & Peter Leins

1 Preliminary remarks ......................... 68

2 Optimization as evolutive goal.................. 70

3 On intelligent strategies .................... 97

4 Concluding comments................... 110

5 Intelligence in the animal kingdom

Michael Wink 117

1 Introduction ............................ 118

2 Tool use in the animal kingdom ................. 120

3 Tradition of tricks....................... 130

4 Planning and insight ....................... 132

5 Cognition and social Intelligence ................ 134

6 Brain structures ......................... 136

7 Outlook.............................. 136

6 Intelligence: evolutionary biological foundations and perspectives

Thomas Holstein 141

1 Introduction ............................ 142

2 Foundations of neuronal cognition ................ 143

3 The first nervous Systems .................... 143

4 Cognition in invertebrates.................... 147

5 Cognition in vertebrates..................... 150

6 Cognition in hominids..................... 152

7 From the intelligence of homo sapiens to artificial intelligence?

7 When intelligence is impaired

Gudrun A. Rappold 165

1 David and the FOXP1 syndrome ................. 165

2 Autism spectrum disorder ................... 167

3 Intelligence quotient, giftedness and mental retardation . 168

4 Higher risk of disease in boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

5 The life ount....................... 170

6 Abdominal and headbrain work together . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

7 FOXP1 and its closely related "language development gene" FOXP2 .............................. 172

8 Intelligence and intellectual disability - Two sides of the same medal?

9 The Plasticity of the brain .................... 173

10 Animal models as important intermediate steps to understanding . . . 174

11 Life perspectives........................ 175

8 Intelligence: The psychological view Joachim Funke 181

1 Introduction ........................... 181

2 Definitory .......................... 182

3 Theoretical ........................... 183

4 Methodological ......................... 188

5 Critical ............................. 188

6 Artificial and Human .................. 191

7 Concluding.......................... 193

9 Interpersonal Intelligence Sabine C. Herpertz 199

1 Introduction and explanations of terms................. 200

2 Development of Interpersonal Intelligence: a neuroscientific look ................ 202

3 Development of Interpersonal …