Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Unparalleled coverage of the most vibrant research field in photovoltaics: perovskites! The handbook provides a comprehensive, tutorial-style overview of the subject area for further advancing research activities, with in-depth knowledge directly applicable in the lab.

Auteur

*Hiroyuki Fujiwara is a Professor at the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University. He received his Ph.D. degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology. He was a research associate at The Pennsylvania State University during 1996-1998. In 1998, he joined the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan. In 2007, he became a team leader of Research Center for Photovoltaics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology* (AIST) in Japan.

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Unparalleled coverage of the most vibrant research field in photovoltaics!

Hybrid perovskites, revolutionary game-changing semiconductor materials, have every favorable optoelectronic characteristic necessary for realizing high efficiency solar cells. The remarkable features of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics, such as superior material properties, easy material fabrication by solution-based processing, large-area device fabrication by an inkjet technology, and simple solar cell structures, have brought enormous attentions, leading to a rapid development of the solar cell technology at a pace never before seen in solar cell history. Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Characteristics and Operation covers extensive topics of hybrid perovskite solar cells, providing easy-to-read descriptions for the fundamental characteristics of unique hybrid perovskite materials (Part I) as well as the principles and applications of hybrid perovskite solar cells (Part II). Both basic and advanced concepts of hybrid perovskite devices are treated thoroughly in this book; in particular, explanatory descriptions for general physical and chemical aspects of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics are included to provide fundamental understanding. This comprehensive book is highly suitable for graduate school students and researchers who are not familiar with hybrid perovskite materials and devices, allowing the accumulation of the accurate knowledge from the basic to the advanced levels.

Contenu
Preface xv

About the Editor xix

1 Introduction 1
*Hiroyuki Fujiwara*

1.1 Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 1

1.2 Unique Natures of Hybrid Perovskites 4

1.2.1 Notable Characteristics of Hybrid Perovskites 5

1.2.2 Fundamental Properties of MAPbI3 8

1.2.3 Why Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Show High Efficiency? 11

1.3 Advantages of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 12

1.3.1 Band Gap Tunability 12

1.3.2 High *V*oc 13

1.3.3 Low Temperature Coefficient 16

1.4 Challenges for Hybrid Perovskites 16

1.4.1 Requirement of Improved Stability 17

1.4.2 Large-Area Solar Cells 19

1.4.3 Toxicity of Pb and Sn Compounds 20

1.5 Overview of this Book 22

Acknowledgment 23

References 23

2 Overview of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 29
*Tsutomu Miyasaka and Ajay K. Jena*

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Historical Backgrounds of Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics 32

2.3 Semiconductor Properties of Organo Lead Halide Perovskites 34

2.4 Working Principle of Perovskite Photovoltaics 37

2.5 Compositional Design of the Halide Perovskite Absorbers 40

2.6 Strategy for Stabilizing Perovskite Solar Cells 41

2.7 All Inorganic and Lead-Free Perovskites 48

2.8 Development of High-Efficiency Tandem Solar Cells 52

2.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 54

References 55

Part I Characteristics of Hybrid Perovskites 65

3 Crystal Structures 67
*Mitsutoshi Nishiwaki, Tatsuya Narikuri, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara*

3.1 What is Hybrid Perovskite? 67

3.2 Structures of Hybrid Perovskite Crystals 68

3.2.1 Crystal Structure of MAPbI3 68

3.2.2 Lattice Parameters of Hybrid Perovskites 71

3.2.3 Secondary Phase Materials 75

3.3 Tolerance Factor 77

3.3.1 Tolerance Factor of Hybrid Perovskites 79

3.3.2 Tolerance Factor of Mixed-Cation Perovskites 82

3.4 Phase Change by Temperature 84

3.5 Refined Structures of Hybrid Perovskites 86

3.5.1 Orientation of Center Cations 86

3.5.2 Relaxation of Center Cations 88

Acknowledgment 89

References 89

4 Optical Properties 91
*Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Yukinori Nishigaki, Akio Matsushita, and Taisuke Matsui*

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Light Absorption in MAPbI3 93

4.2.1 Visible/UV Region 96

4.2.2 IR Region 98

4.2.3 THz Region 99

4.3 Band Gap of Hybrid Perovskites 101

4.3.1 Band Gap Analysis of MAPbI3 101

4.3.2 Band Gap of Basic Perovskites 103

4.3.3 Band Gap Variation in Perovskite Alloys 105

4.4 True Absorption Coefficient of MAPbI3 106

4.4.1 Principles of Optical Measurements 107

4.4.2 Interpretation of Variation 108

4.5 Universal Rules for Hybrid Perovskite Optical Properties 111

4.5.1 Variation with Center Cation 111

4.5.2 Variation with Halide Anion 112

4.6 Subgap Absorption Characteristics 114

4.7 Temperature Effect on Absorption Properties 116

4.8 Excitonic Properties of Hybrid Perovskites 117

References 119

5 Physical Properties Determined by Density Functional Theory 123
*Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Mitsutoshi Nishiwaki, and Yukinori Nishigaki*

5.1 Introduction 123

5.2 What is DFT? 124

5.2.1 Basic Principles 124

5.2.2 Assumptions and Limitations 126

5.3 Crystal Structures Determined by DFT 128

5.3.1 Hybrid Perovskite Structures 128

5.3.2 Organic-Center Cations 131 5.4...