Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices

Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices Explore this comprehensive overview of organic electrochromic materials and devices from a leading voice in the industry

Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices delivers a complete discussion of the major and key topics related to the phenomenon of electrochromism. The text covers the history of organic electrochromism, its fundamental principles, different types of electrochromic materials, the development of device structures and multi-function devices, characterizations of device performance, modern applications of electrochromic devices, and prospects for future electrochromic devices.

The distinguished author places a strong focus on recent research results from universities and private firms from around the world and addresses the issues and challenges faced by those who apply organic electrochromic technology in the real world. With these devices quickly becoming the go-to display technology in the field of electronic information, this resource will quickly become indispensable to all who work or study in the field of optics.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

• A thorough introduction to organic electrochromism, including its history and the mechanisms of electrochromic devices
• An exploration of polymer electrolytes for electrochromic applications, including their requirements and types
• A discussion of electrochromic small molecules, including the development of technology in viologen materials, fluoran and fluorescein dyes, violene-cyanine hybrids, triarylamine molecules and liquid crystal electrochromic materials.
• A perspective analysis of the redox-active conjugated polymers and triarylamine based non-conjugated polymers applied in electrochromic devices

• A treatment of Prussian blue and metallohexacyanates, including their backgrounds, technology development, crystal structures, synthesis, nanocomposites, and assembled electrochromic devices
  Perfect for materials scientists, polymer chemists, organic chemists, physical chemists, and inorganic chemists, Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices will also earn a place in the libraries of physicists and those who work in the optical industry who seek a one-stop reference that covers all aspects of organic electrochromic materials.

Auteur

*Hong Meng, PhD, works in the School of Advanced Materials in the Shenzhen Graduate School at Peking University in Shenzhen, China. He obtained his doctorate from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2002.*

Texte du rabat

Explore this comprehensive overview of organic electrochromic materials and devices from a leading voice in the industry

Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices delivers a complete discussion of the major and key topics related to the phenomenon of electrochromism. The text covers the history of organic electrochromism, its fundamental principles, different types of electrochromic materials, the development of device structures and multi-function devices, characterizations of device performance, modern applications of electrochromic devices, and prospects for future electrochromic devices.

The distinguished author places a strong focus on recent research results from universities and private firms from around the world and addresses the issues and challenges faced by those who apply organic electrochromic technology in the real world. With these devices quickly becoming the go-to display technology in the field of electronic information, this resource will quickly become indispensable to all who work or study in the field of optics.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

• A thorough introduction to organic electrochromism, including its history and the mechanisms of electrochromic devices
• An exploration of polymer electrolytes for electrochromic applications, including their requirements and types
• A discussion of electrochromic small molecules, including the development of technology in viologen materials, fluoran and fluorescein dyes, violene-cyanine hybrids, triarylamine molecules and liquid crystal electrochromic materials.
• A perspective analysis of the redox-active conjugated polymers and triarylamine based non-conjugated polymers applied in electrochromic devices
• A treatment of Prussian blue and metallohexacyanates, including their backgrounds, technology development, crystal structures, synthesis, nanocomposites, and assembled electrochromic devices Perfect for materials scientists, polymer chemists, organic chemists, physical chemists, and inorganic chemists, Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices will also earn a place in the libraries of physicists and those who work in the optical industry who seek a one-stop reference that covers all aspects of organic electrochromic materials.

Contenu

Preface xiii

About the Author xiv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 General Introduction 1

1.2 The History of Electrochromic Materials 3

1.3 The Key Parameters of Electrochromism 5

1.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 5

1.3.2 Switching Time 8

1.3.3 Coloration Efficiency 9

1.3.4 Optical Memory 11

1.3.5 Stability 12

1.4 Conclusion 14

References 14

2 Advances in Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Applications 17

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Requirements of Polymer Electrolytes in Electrochromic Applications 18

2.3 Types of Polymer Electrolytes 20

2.3.1 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 20

2.3.1.1 PEO-/PEG-Based Electrolytes 21

2.3.1.2 PMMA-Based Polymer Electrolytes 21

2.3.1.3 PVDF-Based Polymer Electrolytes 22

2.3.2 Self-Healing Polymer Electrolytes 24

2.3.3 Cross-Linking Polymer Electrolytes (CPEs) 26

2.3.4 Ceramic Polymer Electrolytes 27

2.3.5 Ionic Liquid Polymer Electrolytes 30

2.3.6 Gelatin-Based Polymer Electrolytes 32

2.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 33

References 40

3 Electrochromic Small Molecules 49

3.1 Background of Small Molecule Electrochromic 49

3.2 Technology Development of Small Molecule Electrochromic Materials 50

3.3 VioleneCyanine Hybrids (AIE PL OEC) 50

3.4 Terephthalate Derivatives (Multicolor OEC) 56

3.4.1 Conclusion 63

3.5 Isophthalate Derivatives 64

3.5.1 Conclusion 79

3.6 Methyl Ketone Derivatives 79

3.6.1 Conclusion 84

3.7 Diphenylacetylenes 84

3.8 Fluoran Dye Derivatives 85

3.9 PH-Responsive Molecule Derivatives 92

3.10 TPA Dye Derivatives 95

3.11 Hydrocarbon Derivatives-NIR-OEC 99

3.12 Conclusions and Perspective 101

References 101

4 Viologen OEC 105

4.1 The Introduction of OEC and Viologen 105

4.1.1 General Introduction 105

4.1.2 Research History of Viologen 105

4.1.2.1 First Stage (1930s1970s) 107

4.1.2.2 Second Stage (1970s2000s) 107

4.1.2.3 Third Stage (2000s2010s) 107

4.1.2.4 Fourth Stage (2010sPresent) 108

4.1.3 Electrochromism and Electrochemistry of Viologens and Their Device 109

4.2 Different Structures of Viologen-Based Electrochromic Materials 110

4.2.1 Synthesis of Viologens 110

4.2.1.1 Direct Substitution Reaction 110

4.2.1.2 Zincke Reaction 110

4.2.1.3 Methods for Synthesizing Bipyridine 110

4.2.2 The 1,1 Substituted Viologen 111

4.2.2.1 Simple Alkyl 111

4.2.2.2 Acid Group 111

4.2.2.3 Ester and Nitrogen Heterocycle 112

4.2.2.4 Asymmetric Substitution 113

4.2.3 Conjugate Ring System Expansion 113

4.2.3.1 Thiazolothiazole (TTz) Unit 113

4.2.3.2 Perylenediimide (PDI) Unit 115

4.2.3.3 PBEDOTPh 115

4.2.3.4 Heteroatoms Bridged 115

4.2.3.5 Bithiophene Bridged 118

4.2.4 Viologen-Based Polymer 119

4.2.4.1 Viologen in the Side Chain 120

4.2.4.2 Viologen in the Main Chain 122

4.3 Viologen Electrochromic Device 124

4.3.1 Device Structure 124

4.3.1.1 Five-Layer Classic Structure 124

4.3.1.2…