Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era

A deep dive into wireless energy transfer technologies for IoT networks

In Wireless Energy Transfer: Towards Sustainable Zero-Energy IoT Networks, distinguished researchers Onel L. A. López and Hirley Alves deliver a robust discussion of massive wireless energy transfer and zero-energy, low-cost, Internet of Things networks. Moving beyond the basic theoretical background of the subject, the authors offer a deep analysis of the scenarios and requirements of wireless energy transfer.

The book details novel powering schemes recently proposed to face the challenging requirements of the future Internet of Things, as well as a comprehensive review of sustainable IoT wireless networks.

Wireless Energy Transfer explains why novel energy efficient solutions will be needed to address the sheer volume of devices currently forecasted to be used in the near future. It explores the challenges technologists and users will face as well as proposed solutions and future research directions.

The authors also discuss:

• Thorough introductions to wireless energy transfer, including energy harvesting sources, radio frequency energy harvesting circuits, efficiency models, and architectures for wireless energy transfer powered IoT networks

• Comprehensive explorations of ambient radio frequency energy harvesting, including measurement campaigns, energy harvesting hardware prototypes, and performance analysis based on stochastic geometry

• Practical discussions of efficient schemes for massive wireless energy transfer, including energy beamforming, multi-antenna techniques, and distributed antenna systems

Perfect for students and researchers in signal processing, communications, networking, and information theory, Wireless Energy Transfer: Towards Sustainable Zero-Energy IoT Networks will also earn a place in the libraries of students and practitioners in the fields of communication hardware and transceiver design.

Auteur

Onel L. A. López is a Researcher at the University of Oulu, Finland. His research focuses on wireless communications, including energy harvesting setups, and efficient access techniques for massive, machine-type communications.

Hirley Alves, D.Sc., is Assistant Professor on Machine-type Wireless Communications at the University of Oulu, Finland. His research focuses on massive connectivity and ultra-reliable low latency communications for future wireless networks.

Texte du rabat
A deep dive into wireless energy transfer technologies for IoT networks

In Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era, distinguished researchers Onel L. A. López and Hirley Alves deliver a robust discussion of massive wireless energy transfer and zero-energy, low-cost, Internet of Things networks. Moving beyond the basic theoretical background of the subject, the authors offer a deep analysis of the scenarios and requirements of wireless energy transfer. The book details novel powering schemes recently proposed to face the challenging requirements of the future Internet of Things, as well as a comprehensive review of sustainable IoT wireless networks. Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era explains why novel energy efficient solutions will be needed to address the sheer volume of devices currently forecasted to be used in the near future. It explores the challenges technologists and users will face as well as proposed solutions and future research directions. The authors also discuss:

• Thorough introductions to wireless energy transfer, including energy harvesting sources, radio frequency energy harvesting circuits, efficiency models, and architectures for wireless energy transfer powered IoT networks
• Comprehensive explorations of ambient radio frequency energy harvesting, including measurement campaigns, energy harvesting hardware prototypes, and performance analysis based on stochastic geometry
• Practical discussions of efficient schemes for massive wireless energy transfer, including energy beamforming, multi-antenna techniques, and distributed antenna systems Perfect for students and researchers in signal processing, communications, networking, and information theory, Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era will also earn a place in the libraries of students and practitioners in the fields of communication hardware and transceiver design

Contenu
Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Acronyms xii

Mathematical Notation xvi

About the Companion Website xviii

1 Massive IoT 1

1.1 Selected Use-cases and Scenarios 4

1.2 Key Technologies 6

1.3 Requirements and KPIs 10

1.4 Key Enablers 12

1.4.1 Holistic and Globally Scalable Massive IoT 12

1.4.2 Sustainable Connectivity 13

1.5 Final Remarks and Discussions 17

2 Wireless RF Energy Transfer: An Overview 20

2.1 Energy Harvesting 20

2.1.1 EH Sources 20

2.1.2 RF Energy Transfer 22

2.2 RFEH Performance 24

2.2.1 Analytical Models 24

2.2.2 State-of-the-art on RF EH 26

2.3 RFEH IoT 30

2.3.1 Architectures of IoT RF EH Networks 30

2.3.2 Green WET 31

2.3.3 WIT-WET Layouts 32

2.3.4 RF EH in IoT Use Cases 32

2.4 Enabling Efficient RF-WET 35

2.4.1 Energy Beamforming 35

2.4.2 CSI-limited Schemes 35

2.4.3 Distributed Antenna System 37

2.4.4 Enhancements in Hardware and Medium 37

2.4.5 New Spectrum Opportunities 39

2.4.6 Resource Scheduling and Optimization 40

2.4.7 Distributed Ledger Technology 41

2.5 Final Remarks 41

3 Ambient RF EH 43

3.1 Motivation and Overview 43

3.1.1 Hybrid of RFEH and Power Grid 45

3.1.2 Energy Usage Protocols 46

3.1.3 On Efficient Ambient RFRH Designs 48

3.2 Measurement Campaigns 51

3.2.1 Greater London (2012) 52

3.2.2 Diyarbakir (2014) 52

3.2.3 Flanders (2017-2019) 53

3.2.4 Other Measurements 54

3.3 Energy Arrival Modeling 55

3.3.1 Based on Arbitrary Distributions 56

3.3.2 Based on Stochastic Geometry 56

3.4 A Stochastic Geometry-based Study 57

3.4.1 System Model and Assumptions 57

3.4.2 Energy Coverage Probability 59

3.4.3 Average Harvested Energy 62

3.4.4 Meta-distribution of Harvested Energy 63

3.4.5 Numerical Results 64

3.5 Final Considerations 67

4 Efficient Schemes for WET 68

4.1 EH from Dedicated WET 68

4.2 Energy Beamforming 68

4.2.1 Low-complexity EB Design 71

4.2.2 CSI-limited Energy Beamforming 74

4.2.3 Performance Analysis 76

4.3 CSI-free Multi-antenna Techniques 80

4.3.1 System Model and Assumptions 81

4.3.2 Positioning-agnostic CSI-free WET 82

4.3.3 Positioning-aware CSI-free WET 94

4.4 On the Massive WET Performance 96

4.5 Final Considerations 98

5 Multi-PB Massive WET 99

5.1 On the PBs Deployment 99

5.1.1 Positioning-aware Deployments 99

5.1.2 Positioning-agnostic Deployments 104

5.2 Multi-antenna Energy Beamforming 109

5.2.1 Centralized Energy Beamforming 110

5.2.2 Distributed Energy Beamforming 111

5.2.3 Available RF Energy 111

5.3 Distributed CSI-free WET 113

5.3.1 SA, AAIS and RPSEMW 113

5.3.2 AASS 114

5.3.3 RAB 117

5.3.4 Positioning-aware CSI-free Schemes 118

5.3.5 Numerical Examples 118

5.4 On the Deployment Costs 120

5.5 Final Remarks 123

6 Wireless-powered Communication Networks 125

6.1 WPCN Models 125

6.2 Reliable Single-user WPCN 127

6.2.1 Harvest-then-transmit (HTT) 127

6.2.2 Allowing Energy Accumulation 130

6.2.3 HTT versus FEIPC 135

6.3 Multi-user Resource Allocation 139

6.3.1 Signal Model 140

6.3.2 Problem Formulation 141

6.3.3 Optimization Framework 142

6.3.4 TDMA versus SDMA 143 6.4 Cognitive MAC 145&...