Organicum

Organicum: Practical Handbook of Organic Chemistry focuses on the theory, laboratory practice, and aspects of technical use related to organic chemistry.

This book discusses the standard apparatus for organic reactions, heating of inflammable liquids, performance of a simple distillation, and partition chromatography in separating columns. The time factor in organic chemical reactions, distribution of the electron density in organic molecules, and synthesis of ethers from alkoxides or phenoxides are also elaborated. This text likewise covers the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, quinones from aromatic hydrocarbons, and reduction of carbonyl compounds by means of complex hydrides. Other topics include the reaction with ammoniacal solution of a silver salt, preparation of the dimedone derivatives, and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

This publication is suitable for chemists and researchers conducting work in organic chemistry.

Contenu

Preface to the First German Edition
Preface to the Fifth German Edition
Preface to the First English Edition
A. Introduction to Laboratory Technique

1. Means and Methods for the Performance of Organic Chemical Reactions
   1.1. Types of Glass and Glass Joints
   1.2. Vessels
   1.3. Condensers
   1.4. Standard Apparatus for Organic Reactions
   1.5. Stirring and Shaking
   1.6. Metering and Introduction of Gases
   1.7. Heating and Cooling
   1.8. Working Under Pressure
   1.9. Working Under Reduced Pressure
   1.10. Drying
2. Separating Processes
   2.1. Filtration and Centrifuging
   2.2. Crystallization
   2.3. Distillation and Rectification
   2.4. Sublimation
   2.5. Extraction and Distribution or Partition
   2.6. Adsorption and Adsorption Chromatography
3. The Determination of the Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
   3.1. Melting Point
   3.2. Boiling Point
   3.3. Density
   3.4. Refractometry
   3.5. Polarimetry
   3.6. Absorption Spectroscopy
4. Storage of Chemicals, Destruction of Dangerous Wastes
   4.1. Storage of Chemicals
   4.2. Wastes and their Destruction
5. Basic Equipment
6. Literature References
   B. The Literature of Organic Chemistry; Report Writing
7. Reference Literature
8. Periodical Literature
9. Patent Literature
10. Handbooks, Collections of Methods, Progress Reports
11. Books of Tables
12. Textbooks
13. Report Writing
14. Literature Reference
    C. Some General Principles
15. Classification of Organic Chemical Reactions
    1.1. According to the Reaction Path
    1.2. According to the Nature of the Bond Rearrangement
    1.3. According to the Number of Molecules Involved in the Rate-Determining Steps of the Reactions
16. The Acid-Base Concept
17. The Time Factor in Organic Chemical Reactions
    3.1. Successive Reactions
    3.2. Competing Reactions
18. The Influence of Substituents on the Electron Density Distribution and on the Reactivity of Organic Molecules
    4.1. The Distribution of the Electron Density in Organic Molecules
    4.2. The Influence of Substituents on the Reactivity of Organic Compounds. The Hammett Equation
19. Literature References
20. Abbreviations
    D. Organic Preparative Section
    On the Use of Experimental Details and Tables
21. Radical Substitution
    1.1. Production and Stability of Radicals
    1.2. Reactions of Free Radicals. Radical Chain Reactions
    1.3. Reactivity and Selectivity in Radical Substitutions
    1.4. Detection of Radicals and Indications of Radical Reactions
    1.5. Radical Halogenations
    1.6. Oxidations with Molecular Oxygen
    1.7. Other Radical Substitution Reactions
    1.8. Literature References
22. Nucleophilic Substitution on a Saturated Carbon Atom
    2.1. General Course and Molecularity of the Reaction
    2.2. Factors Affecting the Course of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
    2.3. Relationship Between Type of Substitution and Substitution Products
    2.4. Nucleophilic Substitution in Alcohols and Ethers
    2.5. Nucleophilic Substitution in Alkyl Halides and Sulphates and Alkanesulphonates
    2.6. Literature References
23. Elimination with the Formation of Multiple C-C Bonds
    3.1. Ionic Eliminations
    3.2. Thermal cis-Eliminations
    3.3. Literature References
24. Additions to Non-Activated Multiple C-C Bonds
    4.1. Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes and Alkynes
    4.2. Nucleophilic Addition
    4.3. Radical Addition
    4.4. Catalytic Hydrogénation
    4.5. Literature References
25. Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Substitution in Aromatics
    5.1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
    5.2. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
    5.3. Literature References
26. Oxidation and Dehydrogenation
    6.1. General Features
    6.2. Oxidation of Methyl and Méthylène Groups
    6.3. Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols and Aldehydes
    6.4. Quinones by Oxidation
    6.5. Oxidations with C-C Cleavage
    6.6. Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons and Hydroaromatics
    6.7. Literature References
27. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds
    7.1. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Bases
    7.2. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with C-H Acidic Compounds
    7.3. Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Cryptobases
    7.4. Reactions of Vinylogous Carbonyl Compounds
    7.5. Literature References
28. Reactions of other Hetero-Analogous Carbonyl Compounds
    8.1. Reduction of Nitro Compounds and Nitroso Compounds
    8.2. Reactions of Nitrous Acid
    8.3. Reactions of the Diazonium Salts
    8.4. Some Reactions of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds
    8.5. Reactions of Sulphonic Acid Derivatives
    8.6. Literature References
29. Rearrangements
    9.1. Nucleophilic 1,2-Rearrangements
    9.2. Aromatic Rearrangements
    9.3. Literature References
    E. The Identification of Organic Substances
30. Preliminary Tests and Detection of Functional Groups
    1.1. Preliminary Tests
    1.2. Testing for Functional Groups
31. Preparation of Derivatives
    2.1. Ethers
    2.2. Aldehydes and Ketones
    2.3. Alcohols
    2.4. Amines
    2.5. Amino-Acids
    2.6. Carboxylic Acids
    2.7. Amides and Nitriles
    2.8. Carboxylic Acid Esters
    2.9. Halogenohydrocarbons
    2.10. Hydrocarbons
    2.11. Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
    2.12. Thiols and Thiophenols
    2.13. Phenols
    2.14. Sulphonic Acids
32. Separation of Mixtures
33. Problems for Practice
34. Literature References
35. Tables for the Characterization of Organic Compounds
    F. Properties, Purification, and Preparation of Important Reagents, Solvents, and Auxiliaries (Reagent Appendix)
    G. The Toxieity of Important Chemicals
    Appendix to Organicum
    Review of Common Methods for the Preparation of Important Classes of Compounds (Method Index)
    Index