Handbook of Machine and Computer Vision

The second edition of this accepted reference work has been updated to reflect the rapid developments in the field and now covers both 2D and 3D imaging.
Written by expert practitioners from leading companies operating in machine vision, this one-stop handbook guides readers through all aspects of image acquisition and image processing, including optics, electronics and software. The authors approach the subject in terms of industrial applications, elucidating such topics as illumination and camera calibration. Initial chapters concentrate on the latest hardware aspects, ranging from lenses and camera systems to camera-computer interfaces, with the software necessary discussed to an equal depth in later sections. These include digital image basics as well as image analysis and image processing. The book concludes with extended coverage of industrial applications in optics and electronics, backed by case studies and design strategies for the conception of complete machine vision systems. As a result, readers are not only able to understand the latest systems, but also to plan and evaluate this technology.
With more than 500 images and tables to illustrate relevant principles and steps.

Auteur
The editor, Alexander Hornberg, worked as development and software engineer in industry. Since 1997 he has been working in the field of machine vision in an academic environment. He is Professor for Image Processing and Applied Optics at the University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Germany.
All contributors to this work are written by practitioners from leading companies which operate in the field of computer vision.

Contenu

Preface Second Edition xxiii

Preface First Edition xxv

List of Contributors xxvii

1 Processing of Information in the Human Visual System 1
Frank Schaeffel

1.1 Preface 1

1.2 Design and Structure of the Eye 1

1.3 Optical Aberrations and Consequences for Visual Performance 3

1.4 Chromatic Aberration 10

1.5 Neural Adaptation to Monochromatic Aberrations 11

1.6 Optimizing Retinal Processing with Limited Cell Numbers, Space, and Energy 11

1.7 Adaptation to Different Light Levels 12

1.8 Rod and Cone Responses 14

1.9 Spiking and Coding 16

1.10 Temporal and Spatial Performance 17

1.11 ON/OFF Structure, Division of the Whole Illuminance Amplitude 18

1.12 Consequences of the Rod and Cone Diversity on Retinal Wiring 18

1.13 Motion Sensitivity in the Retina 19

1.14 Visual Information Processing in Higher Centers 20

1.14.1 Morphology 21

1.14.2 Functional Aspects Receptive Field Structures and Cortical Modules 22

1.15 Effects of Attention 23

1.16 Color Vision, Color Constancy, and Color Contrast 23

1.17 Depth Perception 25

1.18 Adaptation in the Visual System to Color, Spatial, and Temporal Contrast 26

1.19 Conclusions 26

Acknowledgements 28

References 28

2 Introduction to Building a Machine Vision Inspection 31
Axel Telljohann

2.1 Preface 31

2.2 Specifying a Machine Vision System 32

2.2.1 Task and Benefit 32

2.2.2 Parts 33

2.2.2.1 Different Part Types 33

2.2.3 Part Presentation 33

2.2.4 Performance Requirements 34

2.2.4.1 Accuracy 34

2.2.4.2 Time Performance 34

2.2.5 Information Interfaces 34

2.2.6 Installation Space 35

2.2.7 Environment 35

2.2.8 Checklist 35

2.3 Designing a Machine Vision System 36

2.3.1 Camera Type 36

2.3.2 Field of View 37

2.3.3 Resolution 38

2.3.3.1 Camera Sensor Resolution 38

2.3.3.2 Spatial Resolution 38

2.3.3.3 Measurement Accuracy 38

2.3.3.4 Calculation of Resolution 39

2.3.3.5 Resolution for a Line Scan Camera 39

2.3.4 Choice of Camera, Frame Grabber, and Hardware Platform 40

2.3.4.1 Camera Model 40

2.3.4.2 Frame Grabber 40

2.3.4.3 Pixel Rate 40

2.3.4.4 Hardware Platform 41

2.3.5 Lens Design 41

2.3.5.1 Focal Length 42

2.3.5.2 Lens Flange Focal Distance 43

2.3.5.3 Extension Tubes 43

2.3.5.4 Lens Diameter and Sensor Size 43

2.3.5.5 Sensor Resolution and Lens Quality 43

2.3.6 Choice of Illumination 44

2.3.6.1 Concept: Maximize Contrast 44

2.3.6.2 Illumination Setups 44

2.3.6.3 Light Sources 45

2.3.6.4 Approach to the Optimum Setup 45

2.3.6.5 Interfering Lighting 46

2.3.7 Mechanical Design 46

2.3.8 Electrical Design 46

2.3.9 Software 46

2.3.9.1 Software Library 47

2.3.9.2 Software Structure 47

2.3.9.3 General Topics 48

2.4 Costs 48

2.5 Words on Project Realization 49

2.5.1 Development and Installation 49

2.5.2 Test Run and Acceptance Test 49

2.5.3 Training and Documentation 50

2.6 Examples 50

2.6.1 Diameter Inspection of Rivets 50

2.6.1.1 Task 50

2.6.1.2 Specification 51

2.6.1.3 Design 51

2.6.2 Tubing Inspection 55

2.6.2.1 Task 55

2.6.2.2 Specification 55

2.6.2.3 Design 56

3 Lighting in Machine Vision 63
Irmgard Jahr

3.1 Introduction 63

3.1.1 Prologue 63

3.1.2 The Involvement of Lighting in the Complex Machine Vision Solution 63 3.2 Demands on...