Handbook of Green Chemistry, Green Solvents, Ionic Liquids

The shift towards being as environmentally-friendly as possible has resulted in the need for this important volume on the role of ionic liquids in green chemistry. Edited by Peter Wasserscheid, one of the pioneers of ionic liquid research, and Annegret Stark, this is an essential resource for anyone wishing to gain an understanding of the world of green chemistry, as well as for chemists, environmental agencies and chemical engineers.

Auteur
Series Editor:
Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and iserves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale. From 2004-2006, Paul Anastas has been the Director of the Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June of 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at e White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and is one of the inventors the 12 principles of Green Chemistry.

Volume Editors:
PD Dr. Annegret Stark and Prof. Peter Wasserscheid
Annegret Stark studied pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Applied Sciences in Isny, Germany. She conducted her diploma thesis in 1997 in the labs of R.D. Singer at St. Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, who inspired her to take up a researcher's career in the field of ionic liquids. After finishing her PhD in K.R. Seddon's research group at the Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 2001, she moved on to South Africa for a SASOL-sponsored postdoc in the group of H.G. Raubenheimer at Stellenbosch University (2001-2003).
Since 2011, she heads her own research group at the Institute for Technical Chemistry in Leipzig, Germany. Her research focus lies, on the one hand, on the elucidation of structure-induced interactions between ionic liquids and solutes, and the resulting effects on the reactivity of these. On the other hand, she is interested in the application of microreaction technology, e.g. in the conversion of highly reactive intermediates. Both, ionic liquids and microreaction technology, are exploited as tools with the goal to provide sustainable chemical and engineering concepts.

Peter Wasserscheid studied chemistry at the RWTH Aachen. After receiving his diploma in 1995 he joined the group of Prof. W. Keim at the Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry at the RWTH Aachen for his PhD thesis. In 1998 he moved to BP Chemicals in Sunbury/GB for an industrial postdoc for six months. He returned to the Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry at the RWTH Aachen where he completed his habilitation entitled "Ionic Liquids - a new Solvent Concept for Catalysis". In the meantime, he became co-founder of Solvent Innovation GmbH, Cologne, one of the leading companies in ionic liquid production and application (since December 2007 a 100% affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt). In 2003 he moved to Erlangen as successor Prof. Emig and since then is heading the Institute of Reaction Engineering. In 2005 he also became head of the department "Chemical and Bioengineering" of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg. P. Wasserscheid has received several awards including the Max-Buchner-award of DECHEMA (2001), the Innovation Award of the German Economy (2003, category "start-up") together with Solvent Innovations GmbH and the Leibniz Award of the German Science Foundation (2006). His key research interests are the reaction engineering aspects of multiphase catalytic processes with a particular focus on ionic liquid reaction media. The Wasserscheid group belongs to the top research teams in the development and application of ionic liquids in general, and in developing the ionic liquid technology for catalytic applications in special. For various reaction types the group has successfully demonstrated greatly enhanced performance of ionic liquid based catalyst systems vs. conventional systems.
Peter Wasserscheid has a scientific track record of more than 130 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals plus many papers in the form of proceedings. Moreover, he is a co-inventor of more than 40 patents, most of them in the field of ionic liquids.SET III - Green Processes:

Texte du rabat

Green chemistry is a vitally important subject area in the world where being as green and environmentally sound as possible is no longer a luxury but a necessity. Its applications include the design of chemical products and processes that help to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

The Handbook of Green Chemistry comprises 12 volumes, split into subject-specific sets as follow:

Set I: Green Catalysis
Set II: Green Solvents
• Volume 4: Supercritical Solvents
• Volume 5: Reactions in Water
• Volume 6: Ionic Liquids

Set III: Green Processes
Set IV: Green Products

Ionic liquids are salts which are characterized due to their special distribution of charges and due to their special shape of ions by melting points below 100° C. Their unique property profiles allow them to be adapted and used for a wide range of applications. This book covers themes from the synthesis of ionic liquids, to specific uses (catalysis, separation technologies, adsorption chillers and lubricants) and includes actual case studies from industry.

Contenu

lonic Liquids and Green Chemistry an Extended Preface XIII

About the Editors XXI

List of Contributors XXIII

Part I Green Synthesis 1

1 The Green Synthesis of Ionic Liquids 3
*Maggel Deetlefs and Kenneth R. Seddon*

1.1 The Status Quo of Green Ionic Liquid Syntheses 3

1.2 Ionic Liquid Preparations Evaluated for Greenness 4

1.3 Which Principles of Green Chemistry are Relevant to Ionic Liquid Preparations? 6

1.4 Atom Economy and the E-factor 7

1.4.1 Atom Economy 7

1.4.2 The E-factor 8

1.5 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) Analyses 8

1.6 Conductive Heating Preparation of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Halide Salts 8

1.7 Purification of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Halide Salts 12

1.7.1 SWOT Analysis: Conductively Heated Preparation of 1-Alkyl-3- Methylimidazolium Halide Salts and Their Subsequent Purification 14

1.8 Ionic Liquid Syntheses Promoted by Microwave Irradiation 15

1.8.1 Microwave-assisted Versus Traditional Ionic Liquid Preparations 18

1.8.2 SWOT Analysis: Microwave-promoted Syntheses of Ionic Liquids 18

1.9 Syntheses of Ionic Liquids Promoted by Ultrasonic Irradiation 20

1.9.1 SWOT Analysis: Ultrasound-promoted Syntheses of Ionic Liquids 22

1.10 Simultaneous Use of Microwave and Ultrasonic Irradiation to Prepare Ionic Liquids 23

1.10.1 SWOTAnalysis: Simultaneous Use of Microwave and Ultrasonic Irradiation to Prepare Ionic Liquids 24

1.11 Preparation of Ionic Liquids Using Microreactors 25

1.11.1 SWOT Analysis: Preparation of Ionic Liquids Using Microreactors 27

1.12 Purification of Ionic Liquids with Non-halide Anions 28

1.12.1 Purification of Hydrophobic Versus Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids 28

1.12.2 SWOT Analyses: Purification of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids 29

1.13 Decolorization of Ionic Liquids 31

1.13.1 SWOT Analysis: Decolorization of Ionic Liquids 31

1.14 Conclusion 34

References 36

Part II Green Synthesis Using Ionic Liquids 39

2 Green Organic Synthesis in Ionic Liquids 41
*Peter Wasserscheid and JoniJoni*

2.1 General Aspects 41

2.1.1 The Extremely Low Vapor Pressure of Ionic Liquids 43

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