Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Nanocomposites

This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry.

The Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials.

Volume 7 is solely focused on the "Nanocomposites: Science and Fundamentals" of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Preparation, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials from renewable resources; hydrogels and its nanocomposites from renewable resources: preparation of chitin-based nanocomposite materials through gelation with ionic liquid; starch-based bionanocomposites; biorenewable nanofiber and nanocrystal; investigation of wear characteristics of dental composite reinforced with rice husk-derived nanosilica filler particles; performance of regenerated cellulose/vermiculite nanocomposites fabricated via ionic liquid; preparation, structure, properties, and interactions of the PVA/cellulose composites; green composites with cellulose nanoreinforcements; biomass composites from bamboo-based micro/nanofibers; synthesis and medicinal properties of polycarbonates and resins from renewable sources; nanostructured polymer composites with modified carbon nanotubes; organic-inorganic nanocomposites derived from polysaccharides; natural polymer-based nanocomposites; cellulose whisker-based green polymer composites; poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites reinforced with different additives; nanocrystalline cellulose; halloysite-based bionanocomposites; nanostructurated composites based on biodegradable polymers and silver nanoparticles; starch-based biomaterials and nanocomposites; green nanocomposites based on PLA and natural organic fillers; and chitin and chitosan-based nanocomposites.

Auteur

Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.

Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

Contenu
Preface xxi

1 Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials (Cellulose, Lignin, and Silica) from Renewable (Lignocellulosic) Resources 1
*K.G. Satyanarayana, Anupama Rangan, V.S. Prasad and Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhaes*

1.1 Introduction 2

1.1.1 Cellulose and Nanocellulose 3

1.1.1.1 Types of Nanocellulose 5

1.1.2 Lignin and Nanolignin 7

1.1.3 Silica and Nanosilica 7

1.2 Preparation of Nanomaterials 10

1.2.1 Nanocellulose from Lignocellulosic Materials 10

1.2.1.1 Mechanical Shearing and Grinding 11

1.2.1.2 Steam Explosion/High-Pressure Homogenization 12

1.2.1.3 Chemical Methods (Acid Hydrolysis, Alkaline Treatment and Bleaching) 16

1.2.1.4 Ultrasonication 17

1.2.1.5 Other Methods 18

1.2.1.6 Functionalized Nanocellulose from Fibers 20

1.2.2 Nanolignin 21

1.2.2.1 Precipitation Method 22

1.2.2.2 Chemical Modification 22

1.2.2.3 Electro Spinning Followed by Surface Modification 22

1.2.2.4 Freeze Drying Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization 22

1.2.2.5 Supercritical Antisolvent Technology 23

1.2.2.6 Chemomechanical Methods 23

1.2.2.7 Nanolignin by Self-Assembly 23

1.2.2.8 Lignin Nanocontainers by Miniemulsion Method 23

1.2.2.9 Template-Mediated Synthesis 24

1.2.3 Nanosilica 25

1.2.3.1 Nanosilica Obtained from Plants 25

1.2.3.2 Enzymatic Crystallization of Amorphous Nanosilica 27

1.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials 27

1.3.1 Characterization of Nanocellulose 29

1.3.1.1 Structure and Morphology of NC 29

1.3.1.2 Physical Properties (Dimensions, Density, Electrical, Crystallinity, and Any Other) 33

1.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties 36

1.3.2 Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles 37

1.3.2.1 Morphology of Lignin Nanoparticles 38

1.3.2.2 Thermal Analysis 39

1.3.3 Other Methods 39

1.3.4 Characterization of Nanosilica 39

1.4 Applications and Market Aspects 45

1.4.1 Nanocellulose 45

1.4.1.1 Biomedical Applications 46

1.4.1.2 Dielectric Materials 46

1.4.1.3 In Composite Manufacturing for Various Applications 46

1.4.1.4 Advanced Functional Materials 47

1.4.2 Nanolignin 49

1.4.3 Nanosilica 51

1.4.3.1 In Composites 51

1.4.3.2 Nanosilica in Nacre Composite 52

1.4.3.3 Encapsulation of Living Cells by Nanosilica 52

1.5 Concluding Remarks and Challenges Ahead 54

Acknowledgments 55

References 55

2 Hydrogels and its Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources: Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications 67
*B. Manjula, A. Babul Reddy, T. Jayaramudu, E.R. Sadiku, S.J. Owonubi, Oluranti Agboola and Tauhami Mokrani*

2.1 Introduction 67

2.2 Hydrogels from Renewable Resources 71

2.3 Hydrogel Technical Features 72

2.4 Nanocomposite Hydrogels 72

2.4.1 Polymer-Clay-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels 75

2.4.2 Poly(ethylene Oxide)Silicate Nanocomposite Hydrogels 76

2.4.3 Poly(acryl Amide) and Poly(vinyl Alcohol)Silicate-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels 77

2.5 Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Natural Polymers 79

2.6 Classifications of Hydrogels 80

2.7 Applications of Hydrogels as Biomaterials 82

2.7.1 Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 82

2.7.2 Hydrogels for Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds 84

2.7.3 Hydrogels for Contact Lens 85

2.7.4 Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation 85

2.7.5 Artificial Muscles and Nerve Regeneration 86

2.8 Conclusions 87

Acknowledgment 88

References 88

**3 Preparation of Chitin-Based Nanocomposi…