Dispersal Centres of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) in the Neotropical Region

The term 'dispersal centre' literally refers to the place from which a dispersal process started. However, it also implies the location of a centre of diversity, frequently even a recent one, as well as the location of a preservation centre or refuge during regressive phases in less remoted periods of earth's history, and that of a possible speciation centre. The latter may have been the place of differentia­ tion of subspecies, or species, provided that the isolation period has been suffi­ ciently long. The term deliberately brings the dynamics to prominence which is inherent in the process of dispersal. This dynamics is neither properly recognized when considering ranges 'whose recent structures more or less force us to consider them ,as static entities' (DE LATTIN 1967, p. 16)*, nor adequately taken into account by systematic typology. Yet, it is, in fact, the change that takes place in a range, which is of great significance in evolutionary genetics. In the case of range regressions which may lead to a diminution or rupture of the range pattern according to the pressure of the endogenous or exogenous triggering factors, subsequently arising distribution obstacles may result in a geographical isolation of partial populations or popula­ tion parts. Their sufficiently long spatial and reproductive isolation and the allele loss resulting from the change of the population size promote a divergent develop­ ment.

Contenu

I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- a. The importance of chorological investigations.- b. Special method applied.- c. Procedure and cartographic presentation.- III. Delimitation of the area under investigation and of the period of earth's history on which statements can be made on the basis of an analysis of dispersal centres.- IV. Systematics.- a. Sphingidae LATR.- b. Classification.- c. Nomenclature of sphingid genera of the New World.- V. Chorology.- a. The general distribution of the Sphingidae and the distribution of the American genera.- b. Tabular survey of the distribution of North and South American Sphingidae.- c. Distribution of Sphingid species and subspecies and distribution centres established.- 1. The Galápagos centre.- The centres of the West Indian Islands.- 2. The East Cuban centre.- 3. The Hispaniola centre.- 4. The Jamaica centre.- Sphingids recorded from Puerto Rico.- 5. The Lesser Antilles centre.- The Central American centres.- 6. The Central American rain-forest centre.- 7. The Central American Pacific centre.- 8. The Yucatán centre.- 9. The Costa Rican centre.- The Andean centres.- 10. The Yungas centre.- 11. The Tucuman centre.- The distribution pattern of sphingids in Ecuador and Colombia.- 12. The Venezuelan centre.- The remaining South American centres.- 13. The Serra do Mar centre.- 14. The Uruguayan centre.- 15. The Andean Pacific centre.- 16. The Paraguayan centre.- 17. The Mato Grosso centre.- 18. The Guiana centre.- The distribution of sphingids in the Hylaea.- VI. Discussion.- a. Distribution centres as refuge areas and dispersal centres.- b. Relationship analysis.- VII. Summary.- VIII. Bibliography.- IX. Annex.- a. Range maps and locality guide-maps.- b. Locality index.