Graphene-based Energy Devices

This first book dedicated to the topic provides an up-to-date account of the many opportunities graphene offers for robust, workable energy generation and storage devices.
Following a brief overview of the fundamentals of graphene, including the main synthesis techniques, characterization methods and properties, the first part goes on to deal with graphene for energy storage applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and hydrogen storage. The second part is concerned with graphene-based energy-generation devices, in particular conventional as well as microbial and enzymatic fuel cells, with chapters on graphene photovoltaics rounding off the book. Throughout, device architectures are not only discussed on a laboratory scale, but also ways for upscaling to an industrial level, including manufacturing processes and quality control.
By bridging academic research and industrial development this is invaluable reading for materials scientists, physical chemists, electrochemists, solid state physicists, and those working in the electrotechnical industry.

Auteur
Abd. Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff is Research Professor at Kyung Hee University, South Korea, since 2012. He received his BA in physics from the University Putra Malaysia and his MS in applied physics from the University Malaya. For his PhD studies he went on to Brazil, where he graduated at the University of Parana in 2011. Afterwards, he joined the Department of Information Display at the Kyung Hee University as a post-doctoral fellow studying organic photovoltaics (OPV) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In 2012, he became group leader for the development of a high efficiency OPV joint program between South Korea and Japan and he was appointed group leader for OLED R&D activities for DNA active matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs) between Kyung Hee University and the University of Cincinnati (duration 2012-2015). His research interests include electronic properties of organic semiconductor thin films, charge transport properties, device physics, organic and inorganic-based light emitting devices, organic photovoltaics, and organic transistors.

Contenu

List of Contributors XIII

Preface XIX

1 Fundamental of Graphene 1
Seong C. Jun

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Synthesis of Graphene 3

1.2.1 Mechanical Cleavage 3

1.2.2 Epitaxial Growth 4

1.2.3 CVD Growth of Graphene 4

1.2.4 Solution-Based Graphene 5

1.2.5 Synthesis of Composite Material Based on Graphene Oxide 8

1.3 Characterization of Graphene 12

1.3.1 AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) 14

1.3.2 SEM 16

1.3.3 TEM/SEAD/EELS 16

1.3.4 XPS 20

1.3.5 XRD 21

1.3.6 Raman 23

1.3.7 Photoluminesces (PL) Measurement 23

1.4 Optical Property Modification of Graphene 25

1.4.1 Absorption Property Modification of Graphene (Terahertz, UV-Visible-NIR) 25

1.4.2 PL Property Modification of Graphene 29

1.5 Optoelectric Application of Graphene 39

References 45

2 Graphene-Based Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries 49
RonghuaWang,Miaomiao Liu, and Jing Sun

2.1 Introduction 49

2.2 TheWorking Principle of LIBs 50

2.3 Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for LIBs 51

2.4 Graphene-Based Anode Materials for LIBs 53

2.4.1 Graphene as Anodes for LIBs 54

2.4.2 Graphene-Based Composites as Anodes for LIBs 56

2.5 Two-Dimensional (2D) Flexible and Binder-Free Graphene-Based Electrodes 67

2.5.1 Graphene-Based Flexible Anode Materials for LIBs 67

2.5.2 Graphene-Based Flexible Cathode Materials for LIBs 73

2.6 Three-Dimensional Macroscopic Graphene-Based Electrodes 74

2.7 Summary and Perspectives 78

References 79

3 Graphene-Based Energy Devices 85
Wei-Ren Liu

3.1 Introduction 85

3.2 Graphene for Li-Ion Batteries 85

3.2.1 Anode Materials 85

3.2.2 Cathode Materials 100

3.3 Graphene for Supercapacitors 105

3.4 Graphene for Li-Sulfur Batteries 111

3.5 Graphene for Fuel Cells 114

3.6 Graphene for Solar Cells 116

3.7 Summary 118

References 118

4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 123
Xuanxuan Zhang, Tao Hu, andMing Xie

4.1 Introduction 123

4.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 124

4.2.1 EDLCs 125

4.2.2 Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 128

4.2.3 Graphene/Conducting Polymer Composites 129

4.2.4 Atomic Layer Deposition for Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 134

4.3 Issues and Perspectives 136

References 138

5 High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on Novel Graphene Composites 145
Junwu Xiao, Yangyang Xu, and Shihe Yang

5.1 Introduction 145

5.2 Graphene Synthesis Methods 148

5.2.1 The "Top-Down" Approach 148

5.2.2 The "Bottom-Up" Approach 150

5.3 Graphene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitors 151

5.3.1 Graphene 151

5.3.2 Graphene-Based Composites 152

5.4 Conclusions and Prospects 165

References 166

6 Graphene for Supercapacitors 171
Richa Agrawal, Chunhui Chen, Yong Hao, Yin Song, and ChunleiWang

6.1 Introduction 171

6.1.1 Electrochemical Capacitors 171

6.1.2 Graphene as a Supercapacitor Material 175

6.2 Electrode Materials for Graphene-Based Capacitors 176

6.2.1 Double-Layer Capacitance-Based Graphene Electrode Materials 176

6.2.2 Graphene/Pseudocapacitive Material Composite Based Electrode Materials 183

6.3 Graphene-Based Asymmetric Supercapacitors 189

6.3.1 Asymmetric Capacitors Based on Graphene and Pseudocapacitive Materials 193

6.3.2 Graphene-Based Lithium-Ion Capacitors 195

6.4 Graphene-Based Microsupercapacitors 199

6.5 Summary and Outlook 204

Acknowledgments 205

References 205

7 Graphene-Based Solar-DrivenWater-Splitting Devices 215
Jian Ru Gong

7.1 Introduction 215

7.2 Basic Architectures of Solar-DrivenWater-Splitting Devices 216

7.3 Promising Prospects of Graphene in Solar-DrivenWater-Splitting Devices 217

7.4 Graphene-Based Integrated Photoelectrochemical Cells 219

7.5 Graphene-Based Mixed-Colloid Photocatalytic Systems 227

7.6 Graphene-Based Photovoltaic/Electrolyzer Devices 235

7.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 241

References 241

8 Graphene Derivatives in Photocatalysis 249
Luisa M. Pastrana-Martínez, Sergio Morales-Torres, José L. Figueiredo, Joaquim L. Faria, and Adrián M.T. Silva

8.1 Introduction 249

8.2 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide 250

8.2.1 Synthesis 250

8.2.2 Properties 252

8.3 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts 254

8.3.1 Mixing Method 255

8.3.2 Sol-Gel Process 255

8.3.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods 256

8.4 Photocatalytic Applications 257

8.4.1 Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants 258

8.4.2 Photocatalytic Splitting of H2O 262

8.4.3 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 264

8.4.4 Other Applications: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 266

8.5 Conclusions and Outlook 267

Acknowledgments 268

References 268

9 Graphene-Based Photocatalysts for Energy Applications: Progress and Future Prospects 277
WanjunWang, Donald K.L. Chan, and Jimmy C. Yu

9.1 Introduction 277

9.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Photocatalysts 278

9.1.2 Ex Situ Hybridization Strategy 279

9.1.3 In Situ Growth Strategy 279

9.2 Energy Applications 283

9.2.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 283

9.2.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon dioxide 285

9.2.3 Environmental Remediation 286

9.3 Conclusions and Outlook 287

References 288

10 Graphene-Based Devices for Hydrogen Storage 295
HouWang and Xingzhong Yuan

10.1 Introduction 295

10.2 Storage of Molecular Hydrogen 297

10.2.1 Graphene-Based Metal/Metal Oxide 299

10.2.2 Doped Graphene 300

10.3 Storage of Atomic Hydrogen Based on Hydrogen Spillover 301

References 304

11 Graphene-Supported Metal Nanostructures with Controllable Size and Shape as Advanced Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells 307
Minmin Liu andWei Chen

11.1 Introduction 307

11.2…