Glial Amino Acid Transporters

Our current knowledge of the role of macroglia in the physiology of the nervous system has been shaped on by both the established role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the propagation of the action potential and by the concept of the tripartite synapse.

In both cases, integral membrane proteins such as receptors and transporters are crucial for the proper function of these cells. This book is an extensive review of the contribution of glial membrane transporters. Model transporters are analysed in terms of their structure, distribution and involvement in major functions and/or pathologies of the nervous system. It is important to note that a particular emphasis has been placed in the rather unexplored signalling properties of glial transporters. Likewise, strategies toward the design of novel compounds that target membrane transporters are discussed.

Different points of view of the involvement and contribution of glial transporters are presented in this volume,and the contrast of these interpretations invites the readers to broaden their interest of membrane transporters beyond the chapters of this book. No intention was made to provide a certain order to the chapters of the book; in fact any of them can be read independently.

We want to express our appreciation to the contributors for their enthusiasm in the preparation of their excellent chapters that will certainly provide a fresh perspective of the exponential accumulation of knowledge that has been published in the last few years and unequivocally changing the concept of glial physiology.

It is our hope that this book provides a major input to the fascinating field of membrane transporters as fundamental proteins for the establishment of a better understanding of glia-neuron interactions.

Auteur

Arturo Ortega holds a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from The National Autonomous University of Mexico (1985), a M. Sc. in Physiology from Cinvestav, Mexico City (1985) and a Ph.D. in Neurobiology (1991) from The Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, under the supervision of the late Vivian I. Teichberg with whom he started to work in glutamate-mediated signaling in glia cells. After spending 2 years in the Department of Biochemistry in Cinvestav as an Assistant Professor, he moved to the Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology where he was promoted to Associate Professor in 1997 and in 2004 to the rank of Professor. More recently (2013) he moved to the Department of Toxicology where he established a Neurotoxicology Lab. He has been Visiting Professor in the Institute of Neuroscience of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (2008) and in the Catholic University of Louvain (2014-2015). He served as the Department Chair (Genetics and Molecular Biology). Hehas been working on glutamate receptors and transporters focusing on signaling, gene expression regulation at the transcriptional and translational levels for more than 30 years. He has published over 100 research articles and mentored 33 PhD and 67 MSc students. He is currently member of the Editorial Board of the two major Neurochemistry journals and of the book series Advances in Neurobiology.

Arne Schousboe obtained his M.Sc. in biochemistry from The University of Copenhagen in 1968 at a time where an M. Sc. was considered equivalent to a Ph.D. He subsequently (1978) earned his Doctor of Science (D. Sc.) degree also from University of Copenhagen. After a post-doc period with Dr. Eugene Roberts at the Department of Neuroscience, City of Hope National Medical Center in Los Angeles 1972-1973 he came back to the University of Copenhagen to resume a tenured position as Assoc. Prof. at the Medical Faculty. In 1990 he moved to the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagenas a Full Professor of biochemistry and has remained in this position also when this Institution changed to become an independent University and subsequently a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences which lately was incorporated in the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences still at the University of Copenhagen . He has served as the Department Chair from 2005 to 2010 and is now part time Professor of Neuropharmacology in Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology at University of Copenhagen. He has been working on astrocyte function focusing on amino acid neurotransmission during the past more than 4o years and is currently engaged in studies of glutamate and GABA homeostasis and metabolism. He has published over 550 papers on these and related topics. He has served on the Editorial Board on numerous neuroscience journals over the years and is currently the Editor-in-Chief of Neurochemical Research and Editor of the book series Advances in Neurobiology

Résumé
This ambitious compendium provides an extensive overview on the "supporting cells" of the vertebrate central nervous system, these being glial cells which far outnumber neurons but are much less understood. Covering multiple aspects of this family of transporters-- from structural properties, to their involvement in signaling and gene expression regulation, this volume presents the most recent research on the roles of glial amino acid transporters as key molecules of brain metabolism and signaling.

Contenu
Manganese and glutamate transporters gene expression,- Glycine transportes in glia cells: structural studies.- Taurine homeostasis and volume control.- Glycine transporters and its coupling with NMDA receptors.- Revised Ion/Substrate Coupling Stoichiometry of GABA Transporters.- EAAT2 and the molecular signature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- Glial GABA transporters as modulators of inhibitory signalling in epilepsy and stroke.- Glial Glutamine transporters: Beyond the glutamate/glutamine shuttle.- Glutamate transporters as signaling molecules.- Regulation of the glutamate transporters expression in glia cells.- Glutamate Transport System as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Chronic Pain: Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacology.- Monocarboxylate transporters.- Glutamate transporters role in neurological diseases.- Astrocytic GABA-transporters:Pharmacological properties and targets for antiepileptic drugs.- Glutamate transporters in the blood-brain barrier.- Development of non-GAT1 selective inhibitors; challenges and achievements.