An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps

An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps remains the most popular textbook for students needing a concise and accessible introduction to geological structures and mapping skills.

Auteur

Dr George M. Bennison, Chartered Geologist, formerly Senior Lecturer in Geology, University of Birmingham, UK
Dr Paul A. Olver, Chartered Geologist, formerly Lifelong Learning Development Officer, Herefordshire Council, UK
Dr Keith A. Moseley, Head of Physics and Geology, Monmouth School, UK

Résumé
An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps is a concise and accessible textbook providing simple structural terminology and map problems which introduce geological structures. It is a perfect introduction to mapping for students of geology, engineering geology and civil engineering.Each topic is explained and illustrated by figures, and exercises follow on successive maps. If students are unable to complete an exercise, they can read on to obtain more specific instructions on how theory may be used to solve the problem. An appendix at the end of the book provides the solutions.This new, eighth edition contains simplified introductory matter to make the subject as easy to grasp as possible. Colour photographs illustrating geological structures bring the subject to life and a new map from the British Geological Survey illustrates a real area. There is more on outcrop patterns, which will help students to think in 3D, and on structures and the relationship of topography to geological structure. Cliff sections have been added to reinforce the concept of apparent dip. The section on planetary geology has been more closely tied to igneous geology to aid understanding of the connection between the two. Finally, a new map on economic geology has been added for the benefit of engineering students.A geological glossary helps students to understand and memorise key terms and a new, colourful, text design enlivens the appearance of this popular book.

Contenu

List of Plates
Preface to the current edition
Preface to previous editions
Key to maps
Chapter 1 Strata - the ground rules
Chapter 2 Horizontal strata
Contours
Horizontal and vertical strata in the landscape
Geological maps
Chapter 3 Dipping strata
Structure contours (strike lines)
Construction of structure contours
True and apparent dip
Calculation of the thickness of a bed
Width of outcrop
Inliers and outliers
Exercises using geological survey maps
Chapter 4 Three-point problems
Construction of structure contours
Depth in boreholes
Insertion of outcrops
Chapter 5 Unconformities
Overstep
Overlap
Sub-unconformity outcrops
Exercises using geological maps
Chapter 6 Folding
Anticlines and synclines
Asymmetrical folds
Way-up criteria
Similar and concentric folding
Two possible directions of strike
Exercise on published geological survey map
Chapter 7 Map solution without structure contours 1
Chapter 8 Faults
Normal and reversed faults
The effects of faulting on outcrops
Classification of faults
Calculation of the throw of a fault
Faults and economic calculations
Wrench or tear faults
Pre- and post-unconformity faulting
Structural inliers and outliers
Posthumous faulting
Isopachytes
Exercises on published geological survey maps
Chapter 9 Map solution without structure contours 2
Chapter 10 More folds and faulted folds
Plunging folds
Calculation of the amount of plunge
The effects of faulting on fold structures
Displacement of folds by strike-slip (wrench) faults
Calculation of strike-slip displacement
Faults parallel to the limbs of a fold
Sub-surface structures
Posthumous folding
Polyphase folding
Bed isopachytes
Exercises on geological survey maps
Chapter 11 Igneous and impact features
Pyroclastic rocks
Concordant intrusions
Disordant intrusions
Impact features
Exercise on geological survey map
Impact features
Chapter 12 Economic problems
Chapter 13 Complex structures
Nappes
Thrust faults
Axial plane cleavage
Description of a geological map
The geological history of Map 45
Exercise on geological survey map
Appendix
Glossary
Index