Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles

The first overview of this topic begins with some historical aspects and a survey of the principles of the gas aggregation method. The second part covers modifications of this method resulting in different specialized techniques, while the third discusses the post-growth treatment that can be applied to the nanoparticles. The whole is rounded off by a review of future perspectives and the challenges facing the scientific and industrial communities. An excellent resource for anyone working with the synthesis of nanoparticles, both in academia and industry.

Auteur
Yves Huttel received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France. After his degree he worked at the Synchrotron LURE, France, at the University of Paris-Sud, France, and at the ICMM-CSIC, Spain. He was also a postdoctoral researcher at the Synchrotron of Daresbury Laboratory, UK, before returning to the CSIC at the IMM. He joined the Surfaces, Coatings, and Molecular Astrophysics Department at the ICMM that belongs to the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Spain, with a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship. Since 2007, he has been working at the ICMM as a Permanent Scientist and he leads the Low-Dimensional Advanced Materials Group. His research focuses on low-dimensional systems including surfaces, interfaces and nanoparticles, as well as XMCD, XPS and nanomagnetism.

Contenu

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xix

Part I Introduction to Gas Phase Aggregation Sources 1

1 History, Some Basics, and an Outlook 3
Hellmut Haberland

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Three Types of Gas Aggregation Sources 5

1.3 Development of the Magnetron Cluster Source 6

1.4 Deposition Machine and Mass Spectra 9

1.5 Some Experimental Questions 11

1.6 Deposition of Clusters with Variable Kinetic Energy 14

1.7 Outlook and Future Development 17

2 Principles of Gas Phase Aggregation 23
PatriceMélinon

2.1 The Landscape 23

2.2 Step 2: Nucleation 24

2.3 Kinetic Nucleation Theory 26

2.4 Clusters in Real Gases 30

2.5 S > 1: Adiabatic Expansion 31

2.6 S ?a 1: Supersonic Beam with Buffer Gas 33

2.7 Size Distribution 33

3 Types of Cluster Sources 39
José A. De Toro, Peter S. Normile, and Christopher Binns

3.1 High-Vacuum Free Beam Sources 39

3.2 Generic Aspects of Design 39

3.3 Seeded Supersonic Nozzle Source (SSNS) 40

3.4 Thermal Gas Aggregation Source (TGAS) 42

3.5 Sputter Gas Aggregation Source (SGAS) 42

3.6 Laser Ablation Source (LAS) 45

3.7 Pulsed-Arc Cluster Ion Source (PACIS) 46

3.8 Pulsed Microplasma Cluster Source (PMCS) 47

3.9 Comparison and Specialization of Sources 48

Part II Modifications of Gas Phase Aggregation Sources 57

4 The Double-Laser Ablation Source Approach 59
Piero Ferrari, Jan Vanbuel, Yejun Li, Ting-Wei Liao, Ewald Janssens, and Peter Lievens

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Source Description 60

4.3 Studies on Bimetallic Clusters 66

4.4 Conclusions 74

5 In-PlaneMultimagnetron Approach 79
Grant E. Johnson and Julia Laskin

5.1 Introduction 79

5.2 The Multitarget Single-Magnetron Approach 82

5.3 The Multimagnetron Approach 86

5.4 Summary 95

6 Adjustable Multimagnetron Approach 101
Lidia Martínez

6.1 Introduction 101

6.2 Design and New Parameters of Multimagnetron Gas Aggregation Sources 104

6.3 Possibilities in the Fabrication of Nanoparticles with Multimagnetron Approach 106

6.4 Summary, Perspectives, and Applications 117

7 Hollow Cylindrical Magnetron 123
Vitor Toshiyuki Abrao Oiko, Artur Domingues Tavares de Sá, and Varlei Rodrigues

7.1 Introduction 123

7.2 Project Design and Implementation 124

7.3 Characterization 126

7.4 Cluster Production 128

7.5 Alternative Cylindrical Geometries for Magnetron Sputtering 131

7.6 Concluding Remarks 132

8 High-Flux DC Magnetron Sputtering 137
Marco César Maicas Ramos and María del Mar Sanz Lluch

8.1 Introduction 137

8.2 Gas Flow 139

8.3 Oxygen-Assisted Synthesis 146

8.4 Ion Beams 148

8.5 Conclusions 152

9 High-Flux Metal Vapor Cell 155
Gail N. Iles

9.1 Introduction 155

9.2 Vapor Cell Components 156

9.3 Vapor Pressure 159

9.4 Methods and Techniques 163

9.5 Devices Using Metal Vapor Cells 167

9.6 Summary 171

10 Microwave Plasma Synthesis of Nanoparticles 175
Dieter Vollath

10.1 Introduction 175

10.2 Basic Design of Microwave Plasma Systems and Resulting Products 187

10.3 Realization of Microwave Plasma Systems for Synthesis of Coated Nanoparticles 195

11 Enhanced Synthesis of Aggregates by Reduced Temperature, Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering, and Pulsed Buffer Gas Delivery 203
Vitezslav Stranak and Rainer Hippler

11.1 Introduction to Nanoparticle Aggregation 203

11.2 Experiment 204

11.3 Kinetic Phenomena during Cluster Growth 205 11.4 Pulsed ...