Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass

Harnessing fungi's enzymatic ability to break down
lignocellulolytic biomass to produce ethanol more efficiently and
cost-effectively has become a significant research and industrial
interest. Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass provides readers
with a broad range of information on the uses and untapped
potential of fungi in the production of bio-based fuels.

With information on the molecular biological and genomic aspects
of fungal degradation of plant cell walls to the industrial
production and application of key fungal enzymes, chapters in the
book cover topics such as enzymology of cellulose, hemicelluloses,
and lignin degradation. Edited by a leading researcher in the
field, Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass will be a valuable
tool in advancing the development and production of biofuels and a
comprehensive resource for fungal biologists, enzymologists,
protein chemists, biofuels chemical engineers, and other research
and industry professionals in the field of biomass research.

Auteur

Christian P. Kubicek is a Professor at the Institute of
Chemical Engineering at the Vienna University of Technology, is
Head of the Institute's Research Division of Biotechnology
and Microbiology, has authored more than 300 refereed journal
articles and more than 20 book chapters, and has served as an
editor and editorial board member for several international peer
reviewed journals.

Résumé

Harnessing fungi's enzymatic ability to break down lignocellulolytic biomass to produce ethanol more efficiently and cost-effectively has become a significant research and industrial interest. Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass provides readers with a broad range of information on the uses and untapped potential of fungi in the production of bio-based fuels.

With information on the molecular biological and genomic aspects of fungal degradation of plant cell walls to the industrial production and application of key fungal enzymes, chapters in the book cover topics such as enzymology of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin degradation. Edited by a leading researcher in the field, Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass will be a valuable tool in advancing the development and production of biofuels and a comprehensive resource for fungal biologists, enzymologists, protein chemists, biofuels chemical engineers, and other research and industry professionals in the field of biomass research.

Contenu

Preface ix

1 The Plant Biomass 1

1.1 The Structure of Plant Cell Wall 1

1.2 Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of the Major Plant Cell Wall Constituents 3

1.2.1 Cellulose 3

1.2.2 Pectin 6

1.2.3 Hemicelluloses 8

1.2.4 Lignin 11

1.3 Abundant Sources of Carbohydrate Polymers and Their Monomer Composition 13

1.3.1 Agricultural Wastes 13

1.3.2 Forest Product Residues 14

1.3.3 Energy Crops 15

1.3.4 Weedy Lignocellulosic Substrates 15

1.4 Biosynthesis of Plant Cell Wall Polymers 16

1.4.1 Cellulose 16

1.4.2 Hemicellulose Biosynthesis 19

1.4.3 Pectin Biosynthesis 20

1.4.4 Lignin Biosynthesis 23

1.5 Strategies for Manipulating Wall Composition 26

1.5.1 Manipulation of Plant Cell Wall Polymer Composition 26

1.5.2 Manipulation of Plant Lignin Content 27

2 The Actors: Plant Biomass Degradation by Fungi 29

2.1 Ecological Perspectives 29

2.2 The Major Three Mechanisms of Lignocellulose Degradation by Fungi 30

2.2.1 White Rot 31

2.2.2 Brown Rot Fungi 35

2.2.3 Soft Rot Fungi 39

2.3 Plant Cell Wall Degradation by Plant Pathogenic Fungi 40

2.4 Anaerobic Fungi 41

3 The ToolsPart 1: Enzymology of Cellulose Degradation 45

3.1 General Properties and Classification of Enzymes That Hydrolyze Polysaccharides 45

3.2 Fungal Cellulolytic Enzymes 49

3.2.1 Cellulose-Binding Domains 52

3.2.2 Cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91) 55

3.2.3 Endo--1,4-Glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) 58

3.2.4 -1,4-Glucosidases 64

3.3 Nonenzymatic Proteins Involved in Cellulose Hydrolysis 65

3.3.1 GH61 Proteins 65

3.3.2 Swollenin 67

4 The ToolsPart 2: Enzymology of Hemicellulose Degradation 69

4.1 Xyloglucan Hydrolysis 69

4.2 Degradation of the Xylan Backbone 72

4.2.1 GH10 Xylanases 73

4.2.2 GH11 Xylanase 75

4.2.3 GH30 Glucuronoxylan Xylanohydrolases 76

4.2.4 GH3 -Xylosidases 76

4.2.5 GH43 -Xylosidases 77

4.2.6 GH54 -Xylosidases 78

4.3 Degradation of the Galactomannan Backbone 78

4.4 Degradation of Pectin 80

4.4.1 Hydrolytic Pectin Degradation 80

4.4.2 Pectin Degradation by -Elimination 82

4.5 Accessory Glycoside Hydrolases for Hemicelluloses Degradation 84

4.5.1 Enzymes that Act on Arabinose-Containing Substituents 85

4.5.2 Enzymes that Act on Galactose-Containing Substituents 86

4.5.3 -Xylosidases 89

4.5.4 -Fucosidases 90

4.5.5 -Glucuronidases and Glucuronan Lyases 90

4.5.6 Accessory Hydrolases for Pectin Degradation 91

4.6 Other Accessory Enzymes 92

4.6.1 Feruloyl and p-Coumaroyl Esterases 92

4.6.2 Acetyl- and Methylesterases 93

4.6.3 Pectin Esterases 95

4.6.4 Glucuronoyl Esterases 95

5 The ToolsPart 3: Enzymology of Lignin Degradation 99

5.1 Lignin Peroxidase 101

5.2 Manganese Peroxidase 105

5.3 Versatile Peroxidase 108

5.4 Dye-Oxidizing Peroxidase 109

5.5 Laccases 110

5.6 Enzymes Generating Hydrogen Peroxide 115

5.6.1 Glyoxal Oxidase 115

5.6.2 Other FAD-Dependent Oxidases 116

5.7 Cellobiose Dehydrogenase 116

5.8 Enzymes Essential for Oxalic Acid Formation 117

5.9 Glycopeptides 118

6 Catabolic Pathways of Soluble Degradation Products from Plant Biomass 119

6.1 Uptake of Mono- and Oligosaccharides 119

6.2 Metabolism of D-Glucose and D-Mannose 121

6.3 Catabolism of D-Galactose 122

6.4 Catabolism of Pentoses 125

6.5 Catabolism of Hexuronic Acids 127 **7 Regulation of Formation of Plant Biomass-D...