Functionalization of Semiconductor Surfaces

This book presents both fundamental knowledge and latest
achievements of this rapidly growing field in the last decade.
It presents a complete and concise picture of the the
state-of-the-art in the field, encompassing the most active
international research groups in the world. Led by
contributions from leading global research groups, the book
discusses the functionalization of semiconductor surface. Dry
organic reactions in vacuum and wet organic chemistry in solution
are two major categories of strategies for functionalization that
will be described. The growth
of multilayer-molecular architectures on the formed
organic monolayers will be documented. The immobilization of
biomolecules such as DNA on organic layers chemically attached to
semiconductor surfaces will be introduced. The patterning of
complex structures of organic layers and metallic nanoclusters
toward sensing techniques will be presented as well.

Auteur

FRANKLIN (FENG) TAO, PHD, is Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the University of Notre Dame. His research group is actively involved in investigations of surface science, heterogeneous catalysis for efficient energy conversion, nanomaterials, and in situ studies of catalysts. Dr. Tao is the author of about 70 research articles and the recipient of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Prize for Young Chemists. STEVEN L. BERNASEK, PHD, is Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University. His research focuses on chirality in self-assembled monolayers, surface functionalization and modification, organometallic surface chemistry, and dynamics of gas-surface interactions. Dr. Bernasek is the author of more than 200 research articles. He is also the recipient of several awards, including the ACS Arthur W. Adamson Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Surface Chemistry.

Résumé
This book presents both fundamental knowledge and latest achievements of this rapidly growing field in the last decade. It presents a complete and concise picture of the the state-of-the-art in the field, encompassing the most active international research groups in the world. Led by contributions from leading global research groups, the book discusses the functionalization of semiconductor surface. Dry organic reactions in vacuum and wet organic chemistry in solution are two major categories of strategies for functionalization that will be described. The growth of multilayer-molecular architectures on the formed organic monolayers will be documented. The immobilization of biomolecules such as DNA on organic layers chemically attached to semiconductor surfaces will be introduced. The patterning of complex structures of organic layers and metallic nanoclusters toward sensing techniques will be presented as well.

Contenu
Preface xv

Contributors xix

1. Introduction 1
*Franklin (Feng) Tao, Yuan Zhu, and Steven L. Bernasek*

1.1 Motivation for a Book on Functionalization of Semiconductor Surfaces 1

1.2 Surface Science as the Foundation of the Functionalization of Semiconductor Surfaces 2

1.2.1 Brief Description of the Development of Surface Science 2

1.2.2 Importance of Surface Science 3

1.2.3 Chemistry at the Interface of Two Phases 4

1.2.4 Surface Science at the Nanoscale 5

1.2.5 Surface Chemistry in the Functionalization of Semiconductor Surfaces 7

1.3 Organization of this Book 7

References 9

2. Surface Analytical Techniques 11
*Ying Wei Cai and Steven L. Bernasek*

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Surface Structure 12

2.2.1 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction 13

2.2.2 Ion Scattering Methods 14

2.2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy 15

2.3 Surface Composition, Electronic Structure, and Vibrational Properties 16

2.3.1 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 16

2.3.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy 17

2.3.3 Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy 18

2.3.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy 18

2.3.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 19

2.3.4.2 High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 19

2.3.5 Synchrotron-Based Methods 20

2.3.5.1 Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy 20

2.3.5.2 Energy Scanned PES 21

2.3.5.3 Glancing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction 21

2.4 Kinetic and Energetic Probes 21

2.4.1 Thermal Programmed Desorption 22

2.4.2 Molecular Beam Sources 22

2.5 Conclusions 23

References 23

3. Structures of Semiconductor Surfaces and Origins of Surface Reactivity with Organic Molecules 27
*Yongquan Qu and Keli Han*

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Geometry, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity of Clean Semiconductor Surfaces 28

3.2.1 Si(100)-(2×1), Ge(100)-(2×1), and Diamond(100)-(2×1) Surfaces 29

3.2.2 Si(111)-(7×7) Surface 33

3.3 Geometry and Electronic Structure of H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces 34

3.3.1 Preparation and Structure of H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces Under UHV 34

3.3.2 Preparation and Structure of H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces in Solution 35

3.3.3 Preparation and Structure of H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces Through Hydrogen Plasma Treatment 36

3.3.4 Reactivity of H-Terminated Semiconductor Surface Prepared Under UHV 36

3.3.5 Preparation and Structure of Partially H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces 36

3.3.6 Reactivity of Partially H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces Under Vacuum 38

3.4 Geometry and Electronic Structure of Halogen-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces 39

3.4.1 Preparation of Halogen-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces Under UHV 40

3.4.2 Preparation of Halogen-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces from H-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces 41

3.5 Reactivity of Hydrogen- or Halogen-Terminated Semiconductor Surfaces in Solution 41

3.5.1 Reactivity of Si and Ge Surfaces in Solution 41

3.5.2 Reactivity of Diamond Surfaces in Solution 43

3.6 Summary 45

Acknowledgments 46

References 46

4. Pericyclic Reactions of Organic Molecules at Semiconductor Surfaces 51
*Keith T. Wong and Stacey F. Bent*

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 [2+2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes and Alkynes 53

4.2.1 Ethylene 53

4.2.2 Acetylene 57

4.2.3 Cis- and Trans-2-Butene 58

4.2.4 Cyclopentene 59

4.2.5 [2+2]-Like Cycloaddition on Si(111)-(7×7) 61

4.3 [4+2] Cycloaddition of Dienes 62

4.3.1 1,3-Butadiene and 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-Butadiene 63

4.3.2 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 66

4.3.3 Cyclopentadiene 67

4.3.4 [4+2]-Like Cycloaddition on Si(111)-(7×7) 69 4.4 Cycloaddition of Uns...