Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Modern Introduction (1966)

Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Modern Introduction focuses on the formulas, processes, and methodologies used in the study of chemistry.
The book first looks at general and historical remarks, definitions of chemical terms, and the classification of matter and states of aggregation. The text then discusses gases. Ideal gases; pressure of a gas confined by a liquid; Avogadro's Law; and Graham's Law are described. The book also discusses aggregated states of matter, atoms and molecules, chemical equations and arithmetic, thermochemistry, and chemical periodicity. The text also highlights the electronic structures of atoms. Quantization of electricity; spectra of elements; quantization of the energy of an electron associated with nucleus; the Rutherford-Bohr nuclear theory; hydrogen atom; and representation of the shapes of atomic orbitals are explained.
The text also highlights the types of chemical bonds, hydrocarbons and their derivatives, intermolecular forces, solutions, and chemical equilibrium. The book focuses as well on ionic solutions, galvanic cells, and acids and bases. It also discusses the structure and basicity of hydrides and oxides. The reactivity of hydrides; charge of dispersal and basicity; effect of anionic charge; inductive effect and basicity; and preparation of acids are described.
The book is a good source of information for readers wanting to study chemistry.

Contenu

Preface

1: Introduction

1.1 General and Historical Remarks

1.2 Definitions of Some Chemical Terms

1.3 The Classification of Matter; States of Aggregation

Problems

2: Gases

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Ideal Gases

2.3 The Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac; Absolute Temperature; V 8 T, or V = Constant X T

2.4 Boyle's Law; V 8 1/F , Or Pv = Constant

2.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures; P 8 ; = Constant X N; PT = P1 + P2 + . . .

2.6 The Pressure of a Gas Confined by a Liquid

2.7 Avogadro's Law; V 8 N; V = Constant X N

2.8 Graham's Law; U 8 L/vm; u = Constant/vm

2.9 The Ideal Gas Law; The Mole; Gas Densities; PV = nRT

2.10 Deviations from Ideal Behavior

Problems

Additional Problems

3: Aggregated States of Matter

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Solids; Methods of Investigation

3.3 The Space Lattice; The Unit Cell

3.4 The Tetrahedron; The Octahedron

3.5 Real Crystals; Crystal Habits; Lattice Defects

3.6 Liquids; Glasses

3.7 Viscosity; Fluidity; Surface Tension; Wetting; Capillarity

3.8 Changes of State

3.9 Spontaneous Change; Entropy

3.10 Liquid-Gas Interconversion; Vapor Pressure

3.11 The Vapor Pressure of Water; Humidity

3.12 Critical Constants

3.13 Boiling

3.14 Melting Point; Freezing Point; Warming and Cooling Curves

3.15 The Phase Diagram

3.16 Colloid.; Adsorbents

Problems

Additional Problems

4: Atoms and Molecules

4.1 The Law of Conservation of Matter

4.2 The Law of Definite Proportions

4.3 The Atomic Theory

4.4 The Law of Multiple Proportions

4.5 The Law of Combining Volumes; The Avogadro Hypothesis

4.6 Molecular Weights of Gases

4.7 Atomic Weights from Molecular Weights; The Cannizzaro Method

4.8 Atomic Weights from Specific Heats; The Method of Petit and Dulong

4.9 Molecular Formulas

4.10 Empirical Formulas; Ionic Solids

4.11 More Accurate Atomic Weights

4.12 Mass Spectroscopy

4.13 Inertial and Gravitational Mass

Problems

Additional Problems

5: Chemical Equations and Chemical Arithmetic

5.1 Formulas and Valence

5.2 Nomenclature

5.3 Chemical Equations

5.4 Quantitative Information from Chemical Equations

5.5 Percent Yield

Problems

Additional Problems

6: Thermochemistry; The First Law of Thermodynamics

6.1 Thermochemistry

6.2 Hess's Law

6.3 Bond Dissociation Energy

6.4 The Interconvertibility of Matter and Energy

6.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Problems

Additional Problems

7: Chemical Periodicity

7.1 Before Mendeleev

7.2 Mendeleev; Meyer

7.3 The Periodic Law and The Periodic Table

7.4 The Periodicity of Valence

7.5 The Periodicity of Chemical Properties

Problems

8: Electronic Structures of Atoms

8.1 Quantization of Electricity

8.2 The Positive Ions (Positive Rays)

8.3 The Rutherford-Bohr Nuclear Theory of The Atom

8.4 The Nature of Light

8.5 Spectra of Elements

8.6 Quantization of The Energy of an Electron Associated with Nucleus

8.7 Modification of The Bohr Theory

8.8 Matter Waves

Wave (Quantum) Mechanics

8.9 The Wave Equation

8.10 The Oscillating Electron

8.11 The Hydrogen Atom

8.12 Atomic Orbitals; Shells and Subshells

8.13 Energy of an Orbital; Degeneracy; Distribution of Electrons In Atoms

8.14 The Physical Significance of "Psi Square"

8.15 The Sign of a Wave Function

8.16 Representations of The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

8.17 Electron Revolution and Spin

8.18 Paramagnetism

8.19 Atomic Structure and Periodic Properties of Atoms

Problems

Additional Problems

9: Types of Chemical Bonds

9.1 Lewis Symbols

9.2 Ionic Bond

9.3 Energetics of Formation of Ionic Solids; Born-Haber Cycle

9.4 Ionic Crystals; Radius Ratio Rule

9.5 Covalent Bond

9.6 Multiple Bonds

9.7 Multiple Bonding and Size of Atoms

9.8 Comparison of Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

9.9 Polar Covalent Bonds; Electronegativity

9.10 Exceptions To The Octet Rule

9.11 Coordinate Covalent Bond

9.12 Formal Charge and Oxidation Number

9.13 Writing Lewis Structures

9.14 Periodicity of Chemical Bonding and Oxidation Number

9.15 Epilogue

Problems

Additional Problems

10: Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives

10.1 Bonding of Carbon

10.2 Alkane Hydrocarbons

10.3 Isomerism

10.4 Nomenclature of Alkanes

10.5 Alkenes and Alkynes; Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

10.6 Addition Reaction of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

10.7 Cycloalkanes and Cycloalkenes

10.8 Dienes; Benzene and Aromatic Compounds

10.9 Functional Group Derivatives

10.10 Summary

Problems

Additional Problems

11: The Covalent Bond

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Molecular Orbital Method

11.3 Valence Bond Approach

11.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

11.5 Multiply Bonded Organic Molecules

11.6 Hybridization of Atoms with More than an Octet of Electrons

11.7 Relative Energy Levels of The s-p Type of Hybrid Orbital

11.8 Localized Molecular Orbitals

11.9 Properties of Covalent Bonds

11.10 Resonance and Delocalized p Electrons

11.11 Delocalization Or Resonance Energy

Problems

Additional Problems

12: Intermolecular Forces

12.1 Dipole-Dipole Interaction

12.2 Ion-Dipole Attractions

12.3 Hydrogen Bonding

12.4 London Forces

12.5 London Forces and Molecular Shape

12.6 Van Der Waals Radii

Problems

13: Solutions

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Liquid Solutions

13.3 Saturation: Gases in Liquids

13.4 Saturation: Solids in Liquids Or Liquids in Liquids

13.5 Dependence of Solubility on Temperature and Pressure

13.6 Supersaturation

13.7 Solubility and Molecular Structure

13.8 Detergency

13.9 Solid Solutions

13.10 Measures of Composition for Solutions

Vapor Pressures of Solutions

13.11 General Remarks

13.12 Raoult's Law

13.13 Deviations from Raoult's Law

13.14 Activity

13.15 Henry's Law

13.16 Vapor Pressure and Equilibrium

13.17 Deliquescence

Colligative Properties of Solutions

13.18 Vapor …