Sound Reproduction: The Acoustics and Psychoacoustics of Loudspeakers and Rooms, Third Edition explains the physical and perceptual processes that are involved in sound reproduction and demonstrates how to use the processes to create high quality listening experiences in stereo and multichannel formats. Understanding the principles of sound production is necessary to achieve the goals of sound reproduction in spaces ranging from home listening rooms to large cinemas. This revision brings new science-based perspectives on the performance of loudspeakers, room acoustics, measurements, and equalization.
Auteur
Floyd E. Toole is a consultant for Harman and a Fellow of the AES, the Acoustical Society of America and CEDIA, and is in the Consumer Technology Hall of Fame.
Contenu
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter 1: Sound Production vs. Sound Reproduction
Live Classical Musical Performances
Live Popular Music Performances
Reproduced Sound - The Audio Industry
Preserving the Art - The Circle of Confusion
Music and Movies - the State of Affairs
The Role of Loudspeakers and Rooms
Human Adaptation, a Reality the Cannot be Ignored
Human Suggestibility
Chapter 2: A Scientific Perspective on Audio
Requirements for Scientific Investigations Chapter 3: Subjective Measurements - Turning Opinion into Fact
Is Blind Listening Necessary?
Hearing Ability and Listener Performance
Stress and Strain
How Many Channels?
Controlling the Variables in Subjective Evaluations
Controlling the Physical Variables
The Listening Room - Making Tests Blind
Real-time Loudspeaker Comparison Methods
Binaural Record/Replay Loudspeaker Comparisons
Listener Position and Seating
Relative Loudness
Absolute Loudness - Playback Sound Levels
Choosing Program Material
Power Amplifiers, Wire and So Forth
Controlling the Psychological Variables
How to do the Test
Is it preference or accuracy that is evaluated?
Chapter 4: The Perceptual and Physical Dimensions of Sound
The Frequency Domain
The Amplitude Domain
Amplitude and Frequency Together: Frequency Response
Amplitude and Frequency Together: Equal-Loudness Contours
Loudness Controls and Tone Controls - Do They Work, Are They necessary?
The Boundaries of What We Can Hear
What Is Acceptable Background Noise?
Linear Distortions: Amplitute and Phase vs. Frequency
Spectral Tilt
Resonances Viewed in Frequency and Time
Finding and Fixing Resonances
A Persistent Problem: Differentiating Between Evidence of Resonances and Acoustical Interference
Critical bands, ERBNs, and the "resolution" of the hearing system
Amplitude, Frequency and Time Together: Waterfall Diagrams
Phase and Polarity - Do We Hear Waveforms?
The Audibility of Phase Shift and Group Delay
Phase Shift at Low Frequencies: a Special Case
The Audibility of Absolute Polarity
Non-Linear Distortions
Wavelength, the Key to Understanding Much in Audio
Loudspeaker Directivity
Room Resonance Basics
Resistive/Porous Absorbers and Membrane/Diaphragmatic Absorbers
Diffusers and Other Sound Scattering Devices Chapter 5: Characterizing Loudspeakers - Can We Describe What is Good?
The Wisdom of the Ancients
Identifying the Important Variables - What do we Measure?
Anechoic Measurements - the Spinorama Evolves
Total Sound Power as a Measured Parameter
Why do we measure what we do? Are there better ways?
Predicting Room curves From Anechoic Data - An Exercise in curve Matching.
A Message About Sound Absorption and Scattering
Why Do We Care About Room Curves?
Closing the Loop - Predicting Listener Preferences From Measurements
The Olive Experiments - Part One
The Olive Experiments - Part Two
The Olive Experiments - Part Three
Loudspeaker Resonances - Detection and Remedies
Summary and Discussion Chapter 6: Loudspeaker/Room Systems - an Introduction
One Room, Two Sound Fields - The Transition Frequency
A Brief History of Loudspeaker/Room Interactions
Timbral and Spatial Effects Attributable to Rooms Chapter 7: Above the Transition Frequency: Acoustical Events and Perceptions
The Physical Variables: Early Reflections
Problems with the Stereo Phantom Center Image
The Physical Variables: Loudspeaker Directivity
The Physical Variables: Acoustical Surface Treatments
Absorbers
Engineered Surfaces and Other Sound Scattering/Diffusing Devices
Subjective Evaluations of Physical Variations
Side Wall Treatment: Reflecting or Absorbing -Kishinaga et al. (1979)
The Effect of Loudspeaker Directivity - Toole (1985)
Loudspeaker Directivity and Wall Treatment Together - Choisel (2005)
The Nature of the Sound Field - Klippel (1990)
Observations of an Audio Enthusiast - Linkwitz (2007)
Observations of an Audio Enthusiast - Toole (2016)
Floor Reflections: A Special Case?
Professional vs. Recreational Listening
Hearing Loss is a Major Concern
Discussion
Perceptual Effects of Room Reflections
Adaptation and Perceptual Streaming
The Effect of Rooms on Loudspeaker Sound Quality
The Effect of Rooms on Speech Intelligibility
Sound Localization in Reflective Spaces - The Precedence (Haas) Effect
Bringing the Precedence Effect into the Real Acoustical World
Ceiling vs. Wall Reflections
Real vs. Phantom Images
Speech vs. Various Musical Sounds
Meaningful Measurements of Reflection Amplitudes Chapter 8: Below the Transition Frequency: Acoustical Events and Perceptions
The Basics of Room Resonances and Standing Waves
Optimizing Room Dimensions - Does an "Ideal" Room Exist?
Are Non-Rectangular Rooms the Answer?
Solutions for the Real World
Deliver Energy to the Modes and Dissipate Some of That Energy with Absorbers
Deliver Energy to the Modes and Reduce the Coupling of That Energy to the Listener By Optimizing the Listening Location - "Positional" Equalization
Reduce the Energy Delivered to a Bothersome Mode by Optimizing the Loudspeaker/Subwoofer Location
Reduce the Energy Delivered to a Bothersome Mode by Using Parametric Equalization
Reduce the Energy Delivered to a Bothersome Mode by Using Simple Mode-Manipulation Techniques
Selective Mode Activation in Rectangular Rooms Using Passive Multiple-Subwoofer Mode Manipulation
Mode Manipulation for Rectangular Rooms Using Multiple Subwoofers and Signal Processing
Mode Manipulation For Any Room Using Multiple Subwoofers and Signal Processing: Sound Field Management (SFM).
Revisiting Room Resonances in Time and Space
Do we Hear the Spectral Bump, the Temporal Ringing, or Both?
Stereo Bass: Little Ado About Even Less
Bass Management Makes it all Possible.
Summary and discussion Chapter 9: Adjacent boundary and loudspeaker mounting effects
The effects of solid angles on the radiation of sound by omnidirectional sources
Classic adjacent-boundary effects
Alleviating adjacent-boundary effects
Loudspeaker mounting options and effects
An example of adjacent-boundary interference
"Boundary-friendly" loudspeaker designs
Array loudspeakers - other ways to manipulate boundary interactions
Listeners also have boundaries Chapter 10: The Sound Fields in Sound Reproduction Spaces
Reverberation
Measuring reverberation time
Calculating…