Experimental Thermodynamics

Experimental Thermodynamics, Volume II: Experimental Thermodynamics of Non-reacting Fluids focuses on experimental methods and procedures in the study of thermophysical properties of fluids.
The selection first offers information on methods used in measuring thermodynamic properties and tests, including physical quantities and symbols for physical quantities, thermodynamic definitions, and definition of activities and related quantities. The text also describes reference materials for thermometric fixed points, temperature measurement under pressures, and pressure measurements.
The publication takes a look at absolute measurement of volume and equation of state of gases at high temperatures and low or moderate temperatures. Discussions focus on volumes of cubes of fused silica, density of water, and methods of measuring pressure. The text also examines the compression of liquids and thermodynamic properties and velocity of sound, including thermodynamics of volume changes, weight methods, and adiabatic compression.
The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in the thermophysical properties of fluids.

Contenu

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Contributors to this Volume

Acknowledgements

1. General Introduction

   I. Introduction

   II. Recommended Mathematical Symbols

   III. Units and Symbols for Units

   1. The International System of Units

   2. Definition of SI Base Units

   3. Names and Symbols for SI Base Units

   4. Names and Symbols for SI Derived Units

   5. Supplementary Units

   6. Practical Realization of Some Important SI Units

   7. Decimal Multiples and Submultiples of SI Units

   8. Units Outside the International System

   IV. Physical Quantities and Symbols for Physical Quantities

   1. Definition

   2. Basic Physical Quantities

   3. Derived Physical Quantities

   4. Use ofthe Words 'Specific' and 'Molar' in the Names ofPhysical Quantities

   5. Symbols for Particular Cases of Physical Quantities

   6. Recommended Subscripts

   7. Recommended Superscripts

   V. Symbols for Chemical Elements, Nuclides and Particles

   VI. Values of the Fundamental Constants

   VII. Thermodynamic Definitions

   1. Thermodynamic System

   2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium

   3. Reversible and Irreversible Processes

   4. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

   5. Equation of State

   6. First Law of Thermodynamics

   7. Internal Energy, U

   8. Enthalpy

   9. Second Law of Thermodynamics-Entropy

   10. Third Law of Thermodynamics

   11. Free Energy

   12. Heat Capacity

   13. Joule-Thomson Coefficient

   14. Speed of Sound

   VIII. Thermodynamic Data Tables

   1. Table of Atomic Weights (1971)

   2. Critical Constants

   3. Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Gases-Virial Coefficients Accuracy of these Tables

   4. Amagat Density

   5. Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Standard Entropies at 298.15 K

   6. Density of Mercury

   7. Density of Water

   IX. Definition of Activities and Related Quantities

   1. Chemical Potential and Absolute Activity

   2. Pure Substances

   3. Mixtures

   4. Solutions

   X. Accuracy and Precision

   1. Definitions

   2. Expression of the Uncertainties of Final Results

   XI. Conversion Tables

   XII. References

2. Reference Materials for Thermometric Fixed Points

   I. Primary Fixed Points as Defined by the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968

   1. Definition of the IPTS-68

   2. Range 13.81 K to 273.15 K

   3. Range O°C to 630.74°C

   4. Range 630.74°C to 1064.43°C

   5. Range above 1064.43°C

   II. Secondary Reference Points as Recommended by the International Committee on Weights and Measures

   III. Supplementary Recommendations on Apparatus, Methods and Procedures

   1. Influence of Pressure on the Freezing Point Temperature

   2. Triple Point, 17.042K Point and Boiling Point of Equilibrium Hydrogen

   3. Boiling Point of Neon

   4. Triple Point and Boiling Point of Oxygen

   5. Boiling Point of Water

   6. Freezing Points of Tin and Zinc

   7. Freezing Points of Silver and Gold

   IV. Practical Temperature Scales over the 0.2 K to 5.2 K Range

   V. Standard Reference Samples

   1. Gases

   2. Catalogue of Physicochemical Standard Substance

   3. Further Recommendations of Calibration Materials

   VI. References

3. Temperature Measurement under Pressure

   I. Introduction

   II. Temperature Measurement at Atmospheric Pressure

   1. Temperature Measurement below 13. 81 K

   2. Temperature Measurement from 13.81 K to 630.74°C

   3. Temperature Measurement from 630.74°C to 1064.43°C

   4. Temperature Measurement above 1064.43°C

   III. Temperature Measurement under Pressure

   1. Determination of Pressure Effects on Thermoelectricity

   2. Temperature Measurement in a Hydrostatically Pressurized Cell

   3. Temperature Measurement in Non-hydrostatic Systems

   4. Effect of Pressure on the Relative Difference between Various Thermocouples

   5. Optical Pyrometry at High Pressure

   6. Computer Method III

   IV. References

4. (Part 1). Pressure Measurements I-Mercury Absolute Manometers

   I. Introduction

   II. Optical Methods of Measuring the Distance between the Mercury Surfaces

   1. Cathetometer

   2. Lateral Shift

   3. Sensing by Interference Techniques

   4. Other Optical Devices

   III. Electrical Methods for Sensing the Position of the Mercury Surfaces

   1. Electrical Contacts

   2. Capacitance Techniques

   IV. Ultrasonic Sensing of the Meniscus Position

   V. Determination of the Height of the Mercury Column

   VI. General Considerations

   VII. Conclusion

   VIII. Abstract

   IX. References

5. (Part 2). Pressure Measurements II-Pressure Scale and Fixed Point

   I. Apparatus that Requires a Fixed Point Calibration

   II. Choice of Fixed Points

   III. Measurement of the Pressure at Fixed Points

   IV. How to Make Use of Fixed Points in High Pressure Calibration

   V. The Present Set of Fixed Points for Pressure Calibration

   1. Mercury Melting Curve

   2. Bismuth I-II

   3. Thallium II-III

   4. Barium I-II

   5. Bismuth III-V

   6. Fixed Points above 100 kbar

   VI. Conclusions

   VII. References

6. (Part 3). Pressure Measurements III-Piston Gages

   List of Symbols

   I. Introduction and Historical Review

   II. Basic Equations and Elastic Distortion

   III. Piston Gage Designs

   1. Simple Piston Gage

   2. Tilting Piston Gage

   3. Vacuum-backed Piston Gage

   4. Re-entrant Cylinder Design

   5. Differential Piston

   6. Controlled Clearance

   7. Ball Gages

   8. Grooved Pistons

   9. Very High Pressure Piston Gages

   IV. Calibration of Primary Standards

   1. Controlled Clearance Piston Gage

   2. Similarity Method

   V. Calibration of Piston Gages

   1. Cross-float

   2. Reference Levels

   3. Evaluation

   VI. The Use of Piston Gages

   1. Measurement of Pressure

   2. Procedures and Methods

   VII. Abstract

   VIII. References

7. (Part 4). Pressure Measurements IV-Secondary Gage-Differential Manometers

   I. Introduction

   II. Mechanical Devices

   III. Electrical Resistance Gages

   IV. Differential Manometers

   V. References

8. (Part 5). Pressure Measurements V-Instruments for Relative Pressure Measurements

   I. General Considerations

   II. Pressure Sensitive Elements; Sensors

   1. Aneroid Capsule

   2. Bellows and Springs

   3. Bourdon Tube

   4. Gimlet Shaped Tube

   5. Piezoelectric Qu…