Evolutionary Biology

Sixteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek critical re­ views, original papers, and commentaries on controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length and depth than those normally published by society journals and quarterlies. The editors make every attempt to solicit manuscripts on an international scale and to see that every facet of evolutionary biology-classical or modern-is cov­ ered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; Ghillean T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vii Contents 1. Darwinian Selection of Self-Replicating RNA Molecules 1 Christ(~r K. Biehricher Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replication of Virus RNA in Vitro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Extracellular Darwinian Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Characterization of the QI3 Replicase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Nonviral RNA Templates of QI3 Replicase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II The Mechanism of RNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Initiation of Replication and Template Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mechanism of Replica Chain Elongation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Termination of Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Replication of RNA Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The Quasispecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 De NOl'O Synthesis of Self-Replicating RNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Mechanism of Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Selection in the Exponential Growth Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Selection in the Linear Growth Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Appendix I. Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Appendix II. The Quasispecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Appendix III. Selection under Various Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contenu

1. Darwinian Selection of Self-Replicating RNA Molecules.- Replication of Virus RNA in Vitro.- Extracellular Darwinian Experiments.- Characterization of the Qß Replicase.- Nonviral RNA Templates of Qß Replicase.- The Mechanism of RNA Replication.- Initiation of Replication and Template Specificity.- Mechanism of Replica Chain Elongation.- Termination of Replication.- Replication of RNA Variants.- The Quasispecies.- De Novo Synthesis of Self-Replicating RNA.- The Mechanism of Selection.- Selection in the Exponential Growth Phase.- Selection in the Linear Growth Phase.- Conclusions.- Appendix I. Replication.- Appendix II. The Quasispecies.- Appendix III. Selection under Various Conditions.- References.- 2. Evolution of Enzyme Catalytic Efficiency and Adaptive Inference from Steady-State Kinetic Data.- Catalytic Efficiency.- Catalytic Significance of the Michaelis Constant.- Evolution of Catalytic Efficiency.- Dynamics of Enzyme Catalytic Evolution.- In Vitro Approximation of the in Vivo Environment.- Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis of Kinetic Data.- Conclusions.- References.- 3. The Role of Single-Gene Mutations in the Evolution of Flowering Plants.- Reproductive Structures.- Inflorescence.- Flowers.- Fruits.- Seeds and Seedlings.- Growth Habit.- Vegetative Structures.- Leaves.- Tendrils.- Sexual Reproduction.- Discussion.- References.- 4. Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Plant Populations.- Models.- Constant Environments.- Heterogeneous Environment.- Interaction with Herbivores and Pests.- Conclusions.- References.- 5. Evolutionary Genetics and the Genetic Control of Morphogenesis in Flowering Plants.- Genetic Control Mechanisms.- A Genetic Approach to Plant Development.- Geometrical Considerations.- Epigenetic Processes.- Indirect Action of the Regulating Genes: The "Hairy Achenes" System of Microseris.- The Independence of the Responding Genes.- Heteroblastic Development.- The Canalization of Numbers of Parts: Principles.- Canalized Numbers of Parts: The Mechanism.- The Genetics of Canalized Numbers of Parts.- Conclusions.- References.- 6. Phenotypic Evolution in Microfossils.- Theoretical Background.- Selection Differential and Heritability.- Natural Selection and Evolutionary Events.- Random Genetic Drift and Phenotypic Evolution.- Combined Forces of Selection and Genetic Drift.- Regional Validity of Multivariate Phenotype.- Phenotypic Variation and the Paleoenvironment: The Case of the Cretaceous Foraminifer Afrobolivina afra.- Does Stasis Have Status?.- Random Genetic Drift or Selection?.- The Regional Phenotype.- Threshold Characters and the Regional Phenotype.- Discussion.- Quantum Evolution in Afrobolivina?.- Phenotypic Variation and the Paleoenvironment: The Cretaceous Benthic Foraminifer Gabonita elongata.- Morphological Variation in a Species of Cytherella.- Species Transitions in Two Lineages of Cretaceous Ostracods.- Ornamental Morphs.- The Lineage Oertliella ? tarfayaensis-Oertliella? chouberti.- Selection or Drift.- Regional Validity of the Phenotype.- The Lineage Veenia rotunda-Veenia rahhalii.- Drift or Selection?.- Discussion.- Evolution in Planktonic Organisms.- Evolution in Planktonic Foraminiferal Lineage.- Evolution in a Species of Radiolarians.- Evolution in a Lineage of Mio-Pliocene Coccoliths.- Discussion.- Summary.- References.- 7. Monocotyledon Evolution: Characters and Phylogenetic Estimation.- Concepts and Terms.- Phylogenetic Analysis.- Character Analysis.- Classification.- Premises.- The Monocotyledons.- The Terminal OTUs.- Reference Classification.- Liliiflorae.- Ariflorae.- Alismatiflorae.- Triuridiflorae.- Bromeliiflorae.- Zingiberiflorae.- Commeliniflorae.- Areciflorae.- Characters.- The Choice of Characters.- Vegetative Morphology.- Vegetative Anatomy, Ultrastructure.- Floral Morphology.- Microsporangia, Pollen.- Ovular Characters (Embryology).- Fruit and Seed Characters.- Cytology.- Phytochemistry.- Parasites.- Fossil Data.- Leaves.- Floral Structures.- Pollen.- Conclusions.- Phylogenetic Estimates.- A Phylogenetic Analysis of Zingiberales.- The Ariflorae-Triuridiflorae-Alismatiflorae Complex.- Liliiflorae.- The Bromeliiflorae-Zingiberiflorae Complexes.- The Commeliniflorae Complex.- The Areciflorae Complex.- Summary.- References.- 8. Biochemical and Immunological Systematics of the Order Crocodilia.- Crocodilian Paleontology.- Living Crocodilians.- Proposed Lineages of Living Crocodilians.- Value of Molecular Evidence for Estimation of Relationships.- Informational Content of Different Types of Protein Evidence.- Objectives of the Present Study.- Materials and Methods.- Blood: Sources and Collection.- Immunological Comparisons of Albumins and Transferrins.- Fingerprinting Hemoglobin Tryptic Peptides.- Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Blood Proteins.- Results.- Divergence of Albumins and Transferrins.- Divergence of Hemoglobins.- Phenotypic Divergence of Blood Proteins.- Discussion.- Crocodilian Roots and Major Radiations.- Affinities within Crocodilian Lineages.- Protein Clock and Crocodilian Phylogeny.- The Crocodylus Radiation.- Conclusions.- Appendix I. List of Abbreviations Used in This Chapter.- Appendix II. Matrices of Albumin Net Spur Scores.- References.- 9. The Establishment of Novel Mate-Recognition Systems in Introgressive Hybrid Drosophila Populations.- Possible Experim…