Eukaryome Impact on Human Intestine Homeostasis and Mucosal Immunology

The intestine is home to diverse bacterial communities forming the microbiome that influences host nutrition, immune functions and health. DNA-based methods have been instrumental to gain insight into the microbial eukaryotic diversity of the human gut. For instance, the microbiome share the intestinal ecosystem with a population of uni- and multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms. These eukaryotic organisms are very common and often very abundant in individuals with intestinal healthy conditions as well as those with intestinal diseases. The impact of the relationship between bacterial and eukaryotic organisms within the intestinal ecosystem on homeostasis and intestinal diseases is limited and can be considered an important emerging field of research. In addition, the factors that differentiate pathogenic eukaryotes from commensals are still unknown. Our interest focuses on the families of eukaryotic microbes inhabiting the intestine, called "intestinal eukaryome", that include fungi, protists and helminths. All these organisms and their interplay with bacteria and the human immune system are a challenge to assess the impact (present and future) of intestinal infectious diseases on public health.

This book presents an overview of the science presented and discussed in the First Eukaryome Congress, held from October 16th to 18th, 2019 at Pasteur Institute in Paris, France. This contributed volume is of special interest for PhD students, postdoctoral fellows, researchers and clinicians interested in the effect of the eukaryotic microbiome on human health.

Auteur
Dr. Nancy Guillen received her degree in Biology in 1972 at the Universidad Central de Venezuela in Caracas and her Doctorat d'Etat in Natural Sciences with speciality in Microbiology at the University of Paris Sud-Orsay (France) in 1979. She obtained her habilitation diploma at the same University in 1986 and got a permanent position as senior researcher at the National Centre for Research (CNRS-France) in 1982, she was a visiting fellow at Rockefeller University (1979) and at the Public Health Research Institute, New York City (1986-1987). Currently, Dr Nancy Guillén is Emeritus Research Director at the CNRS, a position she has held since 2015. Currently she is interested in understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the invasion of tissue by the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, the agent aetiology of amoebiasis. This infectious disease is endemic world wide. Dr Nancy Guillén has been consecutively vice-president of the scientific council of Pasteur Institute (until 2011), member of the scientific council in the department-INRA Animal Health (2006-2016), scientific coordinator of the Pasteur-Weizmann Council (2008-2013) and co-director of the department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur until 2014. Responsible for the cell biology section at the French National Laboratory of Excellence supporting Parasitology (Labex ParaFrap) and lead the Post-Doctoral Program in this Labex until end of 2019. Her research activity is documented by more than 182 publications in international peer-reviewed journals

Résumé
Multiple demographic or economic parameters contribute to the origin of emerging infections, for example: poverty, urbanization, climate change, conflicts and population migrations. All these factors are a challenge to assess the impact (present and future) of parasitic diseases on public health. The intestine is a major target of these infections; it is a nutrient-rich environment harbouring a complex and dynamic population of 100 trillion microbes: the microbiome. Most researches on the microbiome focus on bacteria, which share the gut ecosystem with a population of uni- and multi cellular eukaryotic organisms that may prey on them. Our interest focuses on the families of eukaryotic microbes inhabiting the intestine, called intestinal eukaryome, that include fungi, protists and helminths. Knowledge on the reciprocal influence between the microbiome and the eukaryome, and on their combined impact on homeostasis and intestinal diseases is scanty and can be considered as an important emerging field. Furthermore, the factors that differentiate pathogenic eukaryotes from commensals are still unknown. This book presents an overview of the science presented and discussed in the First Eukaryome Congress held from October 16th to 18th, 2019 at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
This book covers the following topics:

1. Phylogenetic, prevalence, and diversity of intestinal eukaryotic microbes; and their (still enigmatic) historical evolution and potential contributions to mucosal immune homeostasis.
2. Integrative biology to study the molecular cell biology of parasite-host interactions and the multiple parameters underlining the infectious process.
3. The exploitation of tissue engineering and microfluidics to establish three-dimensional (3D) systems that help to understand homeostasis and pathological processes in the human intestine.

Contenu
1 -Preface: Nancy Guillen
2- Introduction. Nancy Guillen. Eukaryome: Emerging field with profound translational potential.
3- Contributions:

Alfonso Olivos, UNAM, México - Redox, oxidative stress and heat stress in experimental amoebic liver abscess
Anastasios Tsaousis, Kent University, UK -Exploring the biology and evolution of Blastocystis and its role in the microbiome
Arturo Aguilar, UNAM, México - An intestinal 3D model gives insight on amoebiasis
Carol Gilchrist, University of Virginia, USA - Cryptosporidium infection in malnourished children
Cecilia Ximenez, UNAM, México - Bacterial intestinal microbiota changes associated with Blastocystis infection: consequence of protist colonization? or the result of local inflammation.
Chelsea Marie, University of Virginia, USA - Host factors involved in Cryptosporidium invasion
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain - The current molecular epidemiological scenario of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Blastocystis in Spain. Implication for Public Health
Elisabeth Labruyère, Institut Pasteur, France - Impact of tissue components on Entamoeba histolytica migration
Esther Orozco, UNAM, México - Vesicular trafficking in Entamoeba histolytica: From trophozoites adherence to target cells, to putative effects in the intestinal microbioma and eukaryoma
Hannelore Lotter, The Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany - Immune responses underlying hepatic amebiasis
Iris Brucchaus, The Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany - Gene silencing and overexpression to study pathogenicity factors of Entamoeba histolytica
Ivana Bilic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna - Histomonas meleagridis from genome to proteome
Janna Alazzaz, Universite de Burgogne, France - Probiotics as anti-Giardia defenders: determination of the control mechanism
Julien Santi-Rocca, Institut Pasteur, France - The periodontal microbiome: from health to disease
Julio Cesar Carrero, UNAM, México - Role of Extracellular Traps on intestinal parasites. Relationship with virulence
Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan - What determines trogocytosis and phagocytosis?
Laurence Marchat, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico - Polyadenylation machineries in intestinal parasites: latest advances in Entamoeba histolytica
Marie Claire Arrieta, University of Calgary, Canada - Contribution of fungi to gut microbiome ecology, early-life immune development and airway inflammation.
Pauline Schaap, University of Dundee, UK - Resolving Amoebozoan encystation from Dictyostelium evo-devo, comparative genomics and transcriptomics
Samie Amidou, University of Venda, South Africa - Molecular characterization…