Hydraulic Extrusion Presses

The wide variety of hydraulic presses used for the manufacture of tubes, cable sheathing, rods, profiles, and wire in nonferrous metals has gone through an extraordinarily interesting development which commenced about 50 years ago after the advent of high-tensile hot working steels and has since adapted itself to the steadily growing de­ mands of the metalworking industry. This development has especially been promoted in Germany where many of the old presses are still in use for the extrusion of rods and tubes in heavy metals, and lead, already decades ago, to the construction of hydraulic presses which rank among the largest equipment built for noncutting shaping of metals. This book, therefore, draws in the main upon the German deve­ lopment, giving an account of the advances made in extrusion technique and press design and presenting to the reader the sum of the experience gathered. A great number of very instructive works dealing with the techno­ logical aspects in the extrusion of metals and the results obtained in metallurgical investigations has been published. These, it is true, contain important reference material regarding the design of presses and press tooling, but very few of them give a detailed description of the deve­ lopment and calculation of the machines or the requirements to be met by presses and tooling, so that the present book is to fill a gap in the existing literature.

Contenu

I: Presses for the Manufacture of Lead Pipes and Wire.- a) Lead Pipe Presses.- b) Lead Trap Presses.- c) Lead Wire Presses.- d) Solder Wire Presses.- II: Presses for the Manufacture of Lead and Aluminum Cable Sheathing.- a) Lead Cable Presses for Charging of Liquid Metal.- b) Lead- and Aluminum Cable Presses for Billet Extrusion.- c) Continuous Lead- and Aluminum Cable Sheathing Presses Charged with Molten Metal or Solid Billets.- III: Presses for the Extrusion of Profiles, Wire and Tubes of Heavy- and Light Metals.- a) Horizontal Presses for Direct Extrusion.- b) Horizontal Presses for Direct and Indirect Extrusion.- c) Horizontal Combined Rod and Tube Extrusion Presses.- d) Vertical Combined Rod and Tube Extrusion Presses.- IV: Rating and Design Rules for Rod and Tube Extrusion Presses.- a) Determination of Piston Forces.- b) Hydraulic Pressures.- c) Nomenclature of Tools and Tool Steels.- d) Upsetting of Billet.- e) Piercing and Extrusion of Billet.- f) Dies and Die-Holders.- g) Piercing Mandrels and Mandrel-Holders.- h) Containers.- i) Container Heating Systems.- j) Extrusion Rams.- k) Die-Carriers, Lateral Die Slides and Rotating Die-Holders.- l) Counterplatens.- m) Cylinder-Platens.- n) Columns.- o) Movable Crossheads.- V: Drive Systems.- a) Water-Hydraulic Pressure Pumps.- b) Oil-Hydraulic Pressure Pumps.- c) Pressure Water Accumulators.- VI: Hydraulic Controls.- a) Hand-Lever Controls.- b) Motor-Driven Controls for Remote-Controlled and Automatic Operation.- VII: Packings, Pipings, Vessels, and Fittings.- a) Packings for Stationary Components (Flanges etc.).- b) Packings for Sliding Components (Pistons etc.).- c) Pipings and Accessories.- VIII: Practical Examples.- a) Stresses of a Hydraulic Cylinder (Fig. 185).- b) Calculation of the Four Columns of a 2,500-Ton Tube and Rod Extrusion Press (Fig. 186).- c) Calculation of a Cable Sheathing Press.- d) Calculation of a Tube and Rod Extrusion Press.- e) Dimensions and Shrinkage Allowances of a 3-Part Container (Fig. 188).