The Principles of Forest Yield Study

The Principles of Forest Yield Study: Studies in the Organic Production, Structure, Increment and Yield of Forest Stands reviews the progress that has been made in the field of forest yield studies, especially those concerning the organic production, structure, increment, and yield of forest stands. Topics covered include woody growth as part of the total produce of plant societies; growth and form of forest trees; constitution and development of stands; and forest stand structure, increment, and yield in relation to silvicultural treatment.
This book is divided into five sections and begins with an overview of the history of forest yield studies, as well as the place of forest yield theory in forest science. Research objectives and methods employed in forest yield studies are outlined. The discussion then turns to the interactions between soil, climate and plant production; the social structure of tree crops; growth performance of tree crops in relation to site; and disturbances in the normal trend of increment. The use of fertilizers for amelioration and treatment of forest soils are discussed from the standpoint of yield studies.
This monograph will be a useful resource for practitioners in forestry, the natural sciences, plant physiology, soil science, and meteorology.

Contenu

Foreword
Introduction

1. Historical Development
2. The Place of Forest Yield Theory in Forest Science
3. Research Objects and Methods Employed in Forest Yield Studies
   Section A. Woody Growth as Part of the Total Produce of Plant Societies
4. Soil, Climate and Plant Production
   Mutual iIteractions between Soil, Climate and Plant Cover
   Yields in Agriculture and Forestry
   Soil Factors of Primary Importance in the Formation of Plant Material
5. The Assimilation Process from the Point of View of Quantitative Ecology
   (a) The Principal Factors in the Assimilation Process
   (b) The Characteristic Behavior of Different Forest Trees in the Assimilatory Process
   (c) Assimilation Rates and Leaf Quantities of Trees and Stands
6. The Organic Production of Forest Stands and Its Components
   The Production Equation of Boysen-Jensen
   Foliage and Increment
   Production Spectra of Mar:Moller
   Section B. Tree Growth and Form
7. Annual Shoot Growth and Height Increase
   (a) Seasonal Changes of the Annual Height Increment
   (b) Height Growth Related to Age
   (c) Factors Influencing Height Growth
8. Width of Annual Rings and Diameter Increment
   (a) Seasonal Start, Duration and Rate of Formation of the Annual Ring
   (b) The Growth Rhythm of Diameter and Basal Area in Relation to Age
   (c) Annual Ring Width, Diameter and Sectional Area Increments at Different Stem Heights
9. The Shape of the Tree Stem
   (a) The Stem Profile
   (b) The Form of Stem Cross-sections
   (c) Form Factor, Volume and Assortment Tables
   (d) Formation and Dimensions of the Root System
   (e) The Bark Fraction
   (f) Units of Volume and Weight Employed in the Determination of Growth and Yield
10. Volume Increment
    Current and Mean Annual Increment
    Section C. The Constitution and Development of Stands
    I. The Social Structure of Tree Crops
11. Tree Classes
12. Typical Structure of Stands according to Tree Classes and Storeys
    II. Growing Space and Increment
13. Growing Space and Ground Coverage of Individual Trees in the Stand
14. Tree Crown and Increment Efficiency
    III. The Pattern of Development and Growth of Pure Stands in Dependence on Age and Site Quality
15. Dependence on Age
16. Dependence on Site: Growth Performance of Tree Crops in Relation to Site
17. Disturbances in the Normal Trend of Increment
18. Growth Patterns and Their Interpretation
    Section D. Structure, Increment and Yield of Stands in Relation to Silvicultural Treatment
    I. Concept and Scope of Cultural Measures in Stands
    Size Restrictions upon Silvicultural Units
    Classification of Cultural Measures by Thinning
    II. The Research Projects of the Verein der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalten (Association of Forest Research Institutes)
19. Characterization of Thinning Methods
20. Experimental Methods and the Accuracy of Growth Determinations
    III. The Effects of Different Thinning Methods on Growth and Yield
21. Typical Increment Reactions to Thinning
22. Typical Changes of the Average Tree Dimensions
23. Enlargement of Dimensions, Improvement of Timber Quality and Financial Yields
    IV. Results of Thinning Experiments carried out to Date in Pure Even-aged Stands
24. Common Beech
25. Norway Spruce
26. Scots Pine
27. Oak
    V. The Influence of Methods of Establishment and Plant Spacing on Production
    The Norway Spruce Cultural Trials at Wermsdorf
    Norway Spruce Spacing Experiment Dietzhausen
    South German Norway Spruce Spacing Experiments
    Summary of Conclusions from Cultivation and Spacing Experiments
    VI. Increment and Yield of Mixed Stands without Large Age Differences and in Underplanted Stands
28. Fundamental Problems of Growth in Mixed Species
29. Results of Experiments in Mixed Stands
    VII. Increment and Yield in Open-stand Systems and Stands which are felled in Several Cutting Operations ("Mehrhiebig")
30. Open-stand and High Forest with Reserves System in Common Beech
31. The Scots Pine Standards (or Reserves) System
32. The "Perpetual Forest" System of Bärenthoren
    VIII. Yield Changes Consequent on Deterioration or Improvement of the Local Site Conditions
33. Deterioration of Yield
34. Yield Improvements by Amelioration and Fertilizer Treatments
    Section E. Forest Organization and Yield
    I. Growth and Yield Relationships in Working Sections of the Normal High Forest
35. Model of the Normal Working Section
36. Changes in the Characteristic Values of Working Sections due to Different Grades of Thinning and Different Rotations
37. Age Divisions and Increment of Working Sections with an Irregular Structure
    II. Growth and Output of Selection Forests
38. The Selection Forest as a Special Case of a Working Section
39. Production of Selection Stands and Comparison with the Production of Normal Even-aged High Forest Stands
    III. Structure and Increment of Natural Forest Stands
    Stages of Development in Natural Forests
    Increment Production of Natural Forest Stands
    IV. Organization and Production of Intensively Managed Economic Forests
    Appendix 1. Hohenadl's Method
    Appendix 2
    Conversion Table of Metric into English Measurements
    Dimensions of German Assortments
    Classification of Timber
    Assortments of Poles
    References
    Index