Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing

Covering a broad range of polymer science topics, Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing provides polymer industry professionals and researchers in polymer science and technology with a single, comprehensive handbook summarizing all aspects involved in the polymer production chain. The handbook focuses on industrially important polymers, analytical techniques, and formulation methods, with chapters covering step-growth, radical, and co-polymerization, crosslinking and grafting, reaction engineering, advanced technology applications, including conjugated, dendritic, and nanomaterial polymers and emulsions, and characterization methods, including spectroscopy, light scattering, and microscopy.

Auteur

ENRIQUE SALDÍVAR-GUERRA is Senior Scientist and Head
of the Polymerization Processes Department at the Center for
Research on Applied Chemistry in Mexico. Formerly the president of
the Mexican Polymer Society, he holds five patents and serves as a
reviewer for the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Industrial
& Engineering Chemistry Research, and Macromolecular
Theory and Simulations, among others.

EDUARDO VIVALDO-LIMA is Professor in the Department of
Chemical Engineering of the Faculty of Chemistry at Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, and External Academic Member
of the Institute for Polymer Research of the University of Waterloo
in Canada. A former president of the Mexican Polymer Society, Dr.
Vivaldo-Lima is a reviewer for quite a number of journals,
including Polymer Engineering & Science, Journal of Applied
Polymer Science, Macromolecular Theory and Simulations, and
Macromolecular Reaction Engineering.

Texte du rabat

An introduction and gateway to the entire polymer production chain

Exploring every stage of the polymer production chain, Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing serves as a gateway and comprehensive reference to the polymer industry. Chapters have been authored by leading scientists and researchers working in all facets of polymer science and technology. Their contributions are based on a thorough review of the current literature as well as their own firsthand research and industrial experience.

Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing begins with an introduction to the basic concepts of polymers and polymerization as well as thermodynamic polymer states. Next, the book covers:

• Polymer synthesis, copolymers, and additives
• Engineering principles and polymerization processes, including the latest processing trends
• Techniques for polymer characterization and testing
• Polymer processing principles, techniques, and equipment
• Polymers for advanced technologies, including nanomaterials, dendrimers, and conjugated polymers
  Chapters have been carefully edited to ensure a consistent, uniform approach throughout the book. Within each chapter, readers will find a clear summary of basic concepts and fundamentals, review of the literature and recent trends, and discussion of current and emerging problems in the field. There is also an extensive list of references at the end of each chapter to facilitate further research into all aspects of the polymer production chain.

Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing is ideal for both students and professionals interested in a broad range of activities in the polymer industry, including manufacturing, quality control, sales, and research and development.

Résumé
Covering a broad range of polymer science topics, Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing provides polymer industry professionals and researchers in polymer science and technology with a single, comprehensive handbook summarizing all aspects involved in the polymer production chain. The handbook focuses on industrially important polymers, analytical techniques, and formulation methods, with chapters covering step-growth, radical, and co-polymerization, crosslinking and grafting, reaction engineering, advanced technology applications, including conjugated, dendritic, and nanomaterial polymers and emulsions, and characterization methods, including spectroscopy, light scattering, and microscopy.

Contenu

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Contributors xix

Part I Basic Concepts 1

**1 Introduction to Polymers and Polymer Types 3
Enrique Saldívar-Guerra and Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima

1.1 Introduction to Polymers 3

1.2 Classification of Polymers 8

1.3 Nomenclature 12

References 13

**2 Polymer States and Properties 15
J. Betzabe González-Campos, Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas, Diana G. Zárate-Triviño, Arturo Mendoza-Galván, Evgen Prokhorov, Francisco Villaseñor-Ortega, and Isaac C. Sanchez

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Glass Transition Temperature (-Relaxation) Controversy in Chitin, Chitosan, and PVA 16

2.3 Glass Transition Related to the -Relaxation 16

2.4 Moisture Content Effects on Polymer's Molecular Relaxations 17

2.5 Dielectric Fundamentals 18

2.6 Chitin, Chitosan, and PVA Films Preparation for Dielectric Measurements 21

2.7 Dielectric Relaxations in Chitin: Evidence for a Glass Transition 22

2.8 Dielectric Relaxations in Neutralized and Nonneutralized Chitosan: The Stronger Water Content Effect on the -Relaxation and the Glass Transition Phenomenon 30

2.9 PVA Dielectric Relaxations 35

References 38

Part II Polymer Synthesis and Modification 41

**3 Step-Growth Polymerization 43
Luis E. Elizalde, Gladys de los Santos-Villarreal, José L. Santiago-García, and Manuel Aguilar-Vega

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Polymerization Kinetics 46

3.3 Polyamides 48

3.4 Polyimides 50

3.5 Polyesters 50

3.6 Inorganic Condensation Polymers 53

3.7 Dendrimers 54

3.8 Thermoset Polycondensation Polymers 55

3.9 Controlled Molecular Weight Condensation Polymers 57

References 62

**4 Free Radical Polymerization 65
Ramiro Guerrero-Santos, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, and José Bonilla-Cruz

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Basic Mechanism 66

4.3 Other Free Radical Reactions 68

4.4 Kinetics and Polymerization Rate 71

4.5 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 74

4.6 Experimental Determination of Rate Constants 76

4.7 Thermodynamics of Polymerization 77

4.8 Controlled Radical Polymerization 78

References 81

**5 Coordination Polymerization 85
João B. P. Soares and Odilia Pérez

5.1 Introduction 85

5.2 Polymer Types 87

5.3 Catalyst Types 87

5.4 Coordination Polymerization Mechanism 93

5.5 Polymerization Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling 93

References 101

**6 Copolymerization 105
Marc A. Dubé, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, and Iván Zapata-González

6.1 Introduction 105

6.2 Types of Copolymers 106

6.3 Copolymer Composition and Microstructure 107

6.4 Reaction Conditions: Considerations 118

References 121

**7 Anionic Polymerization 127
Roderic Quirk

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 Living Anionic Polymerization 127

7.3 General Considerations 129

7.4 Kinetics and Mechanism of Polymerization 134

7.5 Stereochemistry 144

7.6 Copolymerization of Styrenes and Dienes 148

7.7 Synthetic Applications of Living Anionic Polymerization 150

References 157

**8 Cationic Polymerizations 163
Filip E. Du Prez, Eric J. Goethals, and Richard Hoogenboom

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Carbocationic Polymerization 163

8.3 Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization 172

8.4 Summary and Prospects 181

Acknowledgment 181

References 181

**9 Crosslinking 187
Julio César Hernández-Ortiz and Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima 9....