Emerging Photovoltaic Materials

This book covers the recent advances in photovoltaics materials and their innovative applications. Many materials science problems are encountered in understanding existing solar cells and the development of more efficient, less costly, and more stable cells. This important and timely book provides a historical overview, but concentrates primarily on the exciting developments in the last decade. It includes organic and perovskite solar cells, photovoltaics in ferroelectric materials, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite, materials with improved photovoltaic efficiencies as well as the full range of semiconductor materials for solar-to-electricity conversion, from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide selenides, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and environmentally-friendly copper zinc tin sulfide selenides.

Auteur

Santosh K. Kurinec is a Professor of Electrical & Microelectronic Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), NY, USA. She received her PhD degree in Physics from the University of Delhi, India. She worked as postdoc at University of Florida and later faculty at Florida A&M/Florida State University College of Engineering prior to joining RIT. She is a Fellow of IEEE, received the 2012 IEEE Technical Field Award and was inducted in the International Women in Technology (WiTi) Hall of Fame in 2018. Her current research activities include photovoltaics, advanced integrated circuit materials, devices and processes.

Texte du rabat
This cutting-edge book focuses on recent developments in emerging 4G photovoltaic materials that leads the way to continuous technological developments in achieving higher solar PV module efficiencies with improved manufacturing processes. Emerging Photovoltaic Materials is divided into 6 parts with 19 chapters from world class researchers. Part 1 examines silicon photovoltaics with chapters on the continuous Czochralski (CZ) process to produce single crystalline silicon; the development of silicon-based materials for advanced solar cells; and the recycling routes for silicon PV modules used to recover valuable materials such as silver, copper, aluminum, and high-grade silicon. Part 2 consists of five chapters dedicated to emerging new PV materials with chapters on the fundamentals of ferroelectricity applied to PV; the emerging cubic tin-based chalcogenides (SnSe, SnS, and SnTe); the effect of doping of TiO2 nanoparticles with Cu, Al and Tm on the photocatalytic activity of dye-sensitized solar cells; an in-depth phenomenological approach to the photovoltaic effect in multiferroics; the growth of multinary transparent conducting oxides from the Zn-Sn-In-Ga oxide system for application as transparent conductors in photovoltaics. Part 3 is dedicated to a comprehensive review of perovskite solar cells as well as the low and high doping of MAPbI3 perovskite in Pb2+ sites with various bivalent cations. Part 4 comprises chapters on organic photovoltaics (OPV) including applications with PECVD; heterojunction energetics and open circuit voltage in OPV; a review of crystalline, thin-film and earth-abundant PV materials; and the principles of designing organic materials with high dielectric constants. Part 5 ranges from quantum dot photovoltaics to novel nanomaterials and nanoprocessing used to achieve thin films; carbon nanomaterials employed in new architectures using dye- sensitized solar cells (DSSC), nanotube-Si heterojunction and perovskite cells; the fundamentals involved in the operation of quantum dot solar cells and the prevailing synthesis of QD-HIT and QD-sensitized solar cells; near-infrared (NIR) responsive hybrid QD/perovskite solar cells. Part 6 concludes the book with chapters on concentrator photovoltaics and the evaluation of panels under the given climatic conditions using PVsyst simulation software and incorporating it into the site-specific design of a photovoltaic system. Audience The book will be of interest to a multidisciplinary group of fields, in industry and academia, including nanotechnology, semiconductor engineering, physics, chemistry, materials science, biomedical engineering, optoelectronic information, photovoltaic and renewable energy engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical and manufacturing engineering.

Contenu
Preface xxi

Part 1 Silicon Photovoltaics 1

1 Emergence of Continuous Czochralski (CCZ) Growth for Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaics 3
*Santosh K. Kurinec, Charles Bopp and Han Xu*

1.1 Introduction 4

1.1.1 The Czochralski (CZ) Process 5

1.1.2 Continuous Czochralski Process (CCZ) 11

1.2 Continuous Czochralski Process Implementations 13

1.3 Solar Cells Fabricated Using CCZ Ingots 15

1.3.1 n-Type Mono-Si High-Efficiency Cells 15

1.3.2 Gallium-Doped p-Type Silicon Solar Cells 17

1.4 Conclusions 19

References 19

2 Materials Chemistry and Physics for Low-Cost Silicon Photovoltaics 23
*Tingting Jiang and George Z. Chen*

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Crystalline Silicon in Traditional/Classic Solar Cells 26

2.2.1 Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cell 26

2.2.2 Efficiency Loss in Silicon Solar Cell 29

2.2.3 New Strategies for the Silicon Solar Cell 32

2.3 Low-Cost Crystalline Silicon 33

2.3.1 Metallurgical Silicon 33

2.3.2 Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon 33

2.3.2.1 Properties of Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon 34

2.3.2.2 Production of Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon 35

2.3.2.3 Development of Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Solar Cells 36

2.3.3 High-Performance Multicrystalline Silicon 37

2.3.3.1 Crystal Growth 37

2.3.3.2 Material Properties of High-Performance Multicrystalline Silicon 39

2.3.3.3 Solar Cell Based on High-Performance Multicrystalline Silicon 40

2.4 Advanced p-Type Siliconin Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) 41

2.4.1 Passivated Emitter Solar Cells 41

2.4.1.1 Passivated Emitter Solar Cell (PESC) 41

2.4.1.2 Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell 42

2.4.1.3 Passivated Emitter, Rear Locally Diffused Solar Cells 43

2.4.1.4 Passivated Emitter, Rear Totally Diffused Solar Cells 44

2.4.2 Surface Passivation 45

2.5 Advanced n-Type Silicon 46

2.5.1 Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) Solar Cell 47

2.5.2 Silicon Heterojunction (SHJ) Solar Cells 50

2.5.2.1 The Device Structure and the Advantages of HIT Solar Cells 51

2.5.2.2 Strategies of Achieving High-Efficiency HIT Solar Cell 52

2.6 Conclusion 53

References 54

3 Recycling Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules 61
*Pablo Dias and Hugo Veit*

3.1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 62

3.2 Photovoltaic Modules 65

3.2.1 First-Generation Photovoltaic Modules 66

3.3 Recyclability of Waste Photovoltaic Modules 69

3.3.1 Frame 70

3.3.2 Superstrate (Front Glass) 71

3.3.3 Metallic Filaments (Busbars) 72

3.3.4 Photovoltaic Cell 73

3.3.5 Polymers 74

3.3.6 Recyclability Summary 75

3.4 Separation and Recovery of Materials The Recycling Process 76

3.4.1 Mechanical and Physical Processes 76

3.4.1.1 Shredding 77

3.4.1.2 Sieving 77

3.4.1.3 Density Separation 79

3.4.1.4 Manual Separation 82

3.4.1.5 Electrostatic Separation 82

3.4.2 Thermal ProcessesPolymers 84

3.4.3 Separation Using Organic Solvents 86

3.4.4 Pyrometallurgy 90

3.4.5 Hydrometallurgy 90

3.4.6 Electrometallurgy 93

3.5 New Trends in the Recycling Processes 94

References 98

**Part 2 Emerging Photovoltaic Materials 103

4 Photovoltaics in Ferroelectric Materials Origin, Challenges and Opportunities 105
**Charles Paillard, Grégory Geneste, Laurent Bellaiche, Jens Kreisel, Marvin Alexe and Brahim Dkhil

4.1 Physics of the Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectrics 106

4.1.1 Conventional Photovoltaic Technologies 106

4.1.1.1 The pn Junction 106

4.1.1.2 The ShockleyQueisser Limit 109 4.1.2 Mechanism…