Diffusion in Solids

Diffusion in Solids: Recent Developments provides an overview of diffusion in crystalline solids. This book discusses the various aspects of the theory of diffusion.
Organized into nine chapters, this volume starts with a discussion on the process of diffusion in solids. This book then examines the tools that supplement the conventional diffusion measurements, including electromigration, ionic conductivity, isotope effects, and vacancy wind effects. This text explores the molecular dynamic calculation by which the interatomic forces must be assumed. Other chapters discuss the method of measurement of the isotope effect on diffusion, which is the most powerful method of determining relevant information about the correlation factor. This volume extensively discusses diffusion in organic and amorphous materials, as well as interstitial diffusion in solids. The final chapter deals with ionic motion and diffusion in various groups of materials called fast ionic conductors.
Solid-state physicists, materials scientists, physical chemists, and electrochemists will find this book extremely useful.

Contenu

List of Contributors

Preface

1. Classical and Quantum Theory of Diffusion in Solids

   I. Introduction

   II. Jump Frequency

   III. Lattice Vibration Theory

   IV. Defect Modes

   V. Temperature Dependence-Classical Case

   VI. Mass Dependence-Classical Case

   VII. Quantum and Anharmonic Effects

   VIII. Lattice Vibration Theory and Diffusion Experiments

   References

2. Exact Defect Calculations in Model Substances

   I. Introduction

   II. The Molecular Dynamics, Monte Carlo, and Molecular Statics Methods

   III. Discussion of Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Results on Point Defects at Thermal Equilibrium

   Appendix A. Monte Carlo Acceptance Ratio Method for Free Energy Differences

   Appendix B. Lennard-Jones Vacancy Jump Calculations

   Appendix C. Molecular Dynamics Calculation of the Isotope Effect

   References

3. Isotope Effects in Diffusion

   I. Preface

   II. Introduction

   III. Self-Diffusion in Pure Metals

   IV. Diffusion in Dilute Alloys

   V. Diffusion in Concentrated Alloys

   VI. Diffusion in Alkali and Silver Halide Crystals

   VII. Diffusion in Transition Metal Oxides

   VIII. Correlation Effects in Grain Boundary Diffusion

   References

4. Fast Diffusion in Metals

   I. Introduction

   II. Experience on Fast Diffusion

   III. Corroboration of Existence of Interstitial-Type Defects

   IV. Fast Diffusion Mechanisms

   V. Interpretation of Fast Diffusion Behavior of Particular Systems

   References

5. Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals

   I. Introduction

   II. Site Location, Phase Diagrams, and Solubility

   III. Experimental Methods

   IV. Values for the Diffusion Coefficients at Small Concentrations (a Phases)

   V. High Hydrogen Concentrations

   VI. Isotope Dependence

   VII. Deviations of the Diffusion Coefficient from the Arrhenius Relation

   VIII. Dependence on Alloying

   IX. Influence of Traps

   X. Influence of Structure

   XL Conclusions

   References

6. Electromigration in Metals

   I. Introduction

   II. Formal Background

   III. Techniques for Measurement

   IV. The Nature of the Driving Force

   V. Interstitial Electromigration

   VI. Monovalent Metals and Their Alloys

   VII. Divalent Metals-Anisotropy in Single Crystals

   VIII. Electromigration in Trivalent Metals

   IX. Electromigration in Metals of More Complex Electronic Structure

   X. Electromigration in Thin Films: Problem for Integrated Circuitry

   References

7. Atom Currents Generated by Vacancy Winds

   List of Symbols

   I. Introduction

   II. Theory

   III. Measurement of the Vacancy Wind and the Wind-Generated Solute Current

   IV. Solute Segregation around Vacancy Sinks

   References

8. Diffusion in Alkali Halides

   I. Introduction

   II. Defects and Their Interactions

   III. Theory of Diffusion in Ionic Crystals

   IV. Experimental Methods

   V. The Experimental Situation and Numerical Results

   VI. Conclusion

   References

9. Very Rapid Ionic Transport in Solids

   I. Introduction

   II. Special Characteristics of Fast Ionic Conductors

   III. Materials Which Exhibit Fast Ionic Motion

   IV. Theoretical Approaches to Fast Ion Conduction

   V. Outlook for the Future

   References

Index