Crusade and Christendom

In 1213, Pope Innocent III issued his letter Vineam Domini, thundering against the enemies of Christendom-the "beasts of many kinds that are attempting to destroy the vineyard of the Lord of Sabaoth"-and announcing a General Council of the Latin Church as redress. The Fourth Lateran Council, which convened in 1215, was unprecedented in its scope and impact, and it called for the Fifth Crusade as what its participants hoped would be the final defense of Christendom. For the first time, a collection of extensively annotated and translated documents illustrates the transformation of the crusade movement. Crusade and Christendom explores the way in which the crusade was used to define and extend the intellectual, religious, and political boundaries of Latin Christendom. It also illustrates how the very concept of the crusade was shaped by the urge to define and reform communities of practice and belief within Latin Christendom and by Latin Christendom's relationship with other communities, including dissenting political powers and heretical groups, the Moors in Spain, the Mongols, and eastern Christians. The relationship of the crusade to reform and missionary movements is also explored, as is its impact on individual lives and devotion. The selection of documents and bibliography incorporates and brings to life recent developments in crusade scholarship concerning military logistics and travel in the medieval period, popular and elite participation, the role of women, liturgy and preaching, and the impact of the crusade on western society and its relationship with other cultures and religions. Intended for the undergraduate yet also invaluable for teachers and scholars, this book illustrates how the crusades became crucial for defining and promoting the very concept and boundaries of Latin Christendom. It provides translations of and commentaries on key original sources and up-to-date bibliographic materials.

Auteur
Jessalynn Bird is an independent scholar. Edward Peters is Henry Charles Lea Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Pennsylvania. His many books include The First Crusade and Torture, which are also available from the University of Pennsylvania Press. James M. Powell was Professor of Medieval History at Syracuse University and author of the prize-winning Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213-1221 and Albertanus of Brescia: The Pursuit of Happiness in the Early Thirteenth Century, also available from the University of Pennsylvania Press.

Contenu

Editors' Note Maps 1. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Thirteenth Century 2. Areas of the Albigensian Crusade in Southern France 3. The Fourth Crusade's Route to Constantinople 4. The Damietta Region of Egypt 5. Progress of the Reconquista in Iberia 6. The Mediterranean Region Note on Abbreviations and Translation Introduction: Crusade and Christendom, 1187-1291 1. Gregory VIII, Audita tremendi, 1187 PART I. THE POPE, CRUSADES, AND COMMUNITIES, 1198-1213 2. Innocent III, Post miserabile, 1198 3. Innocent III, Multe nobis attulit, 1199 4. The Lambrecht Rite for Taking the Cross, ca. 1200 5. Innocent III's Response to the Questions of Hubert Walter, 1200-1201 6. Facets of the Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 7. The Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229 8. Roman Intercessory Processions, 1212 9. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212 10. The Children's Crusade, 1212-1213 PART II. CRUSADE AND COUNCIL, 1213-1215 11. Innocent III, Quia maior, 1213 12. Innocent III, Pium et sanctum, 1213 13. An Anonymous Crusade-Recruiting Sermon, ca. 1213-1217 14. Innocent III's Response to the Questions of Conrad of Speyer, Quod iuxta verbum, 1213 15. Roger Wendover on the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 16. The Fourth Lateran Council, Canon 71, Ad liberandam, 1215 PART III. THE FIFTH CRUSADE, 1213-1221 17. Roger Wendover on Signs and Portents, 1217 18. Letters of Gervase of Prémontré, 1216-1217 19. James of Vitry's Sermon to Pilgrims, 1229-1240 20. The Rhineland Crusaders, 1220 21. Oliver of Paderborn, The Capture of Damietta, ca. 1217-1222 22. Roger Wendover, Three Letters from the East, 1221-1222 23. Two Recruiters in Marseilles, 1224 24. Ibn Wasil on the Frankish Surrender, ca. 1282 PART IV. THE EMPEROR'S CRUSADE, 1227-1229 25. Roger Wendover on the Crusade of Frederick II, ca. 1230 26. Philip of Novara on the Crusade of Frederick II, ca. 1230 27. Frederick II, Letter to Henry III of England, 1229 28. Ibn Wasil (ca. 1282) and Ibn al-Jauzi (ca. 1250) on the Loss of Jerusalem 29. The Letter of Gerold on Antichrist, ca. 1230 PART V. THE BARONS' CRUSADE, 1234-1245 30. Gregory IX, Rachel suum videns, 1234 31. Gregory IX to the Mendicant Orders, Pium et sanctum,1234 32. Matthew Paris on Mendicant Preaching, 1234-1236 33. Lyrics of Thibaut IV of Champagne, ca. 1234-1239 34. Gregory IX to Frederick II, Considerantes olim, 1238 35. Matthew Paris: Richard of Cornwall on Crusade, 1245 36. Matthew Paris on Crusade Financing, 1241 37. Matthew Paris: The Sack of Jerusalem, 1244 38. The First Council of Lyons, 1245 PART VI. THE MONGOL CRUSADES, 1241-1262 39. Henry of Saxony to the Duke of Brabant, 1241 40. Frederick II to the Christian Princes, 1241 41. Gregory IX to King Bela of Hungary, Vocem in excelso, 1241 42. Gregory IX to the Abbot of Heiligenkreuz, Vocem in excelso, 1241	 43. Continuatio Sancrucensis, 1234-1266 44. A Thirteenth-Century English Liturgical Response to the Mongol Threat 45. Matthew Paris on Archbishop Peter and the Mongol Threat, 1244 46. The First Council of Lyons, 1245 47. The Master of the Temple to the Preceptor of Templar Houses in England, 1261 48. Alexander IV on the Tartar Threat, Clamat in auribus, 1261 49. Letter from Hülagü, Il-Khan of Persia, to Louis IX, 1262 PART VII. THE SAINT'S CRUSADES, 1248-1270 50. Jean de Joinville's Preparations for Departure on Crusade, 1248 51. John Sarrasin's Letter on the Capture of Damietta, 1249 52. Ibn Wasil (ca. 1282) and al-Makrisi (ca. 1440) on Louis's Defeat 53. Louis's Letter to the People of France, 1250 54. The Pastoureaux, 1251 55. The Register of Eudes Rigaud, 1260-1269 56. Rutebeuf, "Lament of the Holy Land," ca. 1266 PART VIII. THE ITALIAN CRUSADES, 1241-1268 57. Gregory IX to John of Civitella, Cum tibi duxerimus, 1241 58. Matthew Paris on Staufer Italy, 1245-1269 59. Urban IV to Louis IX on Manfred, Ecce fili carissime, 1264 60. Salimbene of Parma on Staufer Italy, ca. 1285 61. The Chronicle of Pedro III of Aragon (r. 1283-1288 PART IX. LIVING AND DYING ON CRUSADE 62. Ticket-Scalping on a Crusade Ship, 1248 63. Contract of Crusade Service, 1270 64. Lawsuit for Breach of Contract, 1250 65. Traveling in Style and at Risk, 1216-1217 66. The Last Will and Testament of Barzella Merxadrus, 1219 67. The Codicil of Count Henry of Rodez, 1222 68. The Archbishop of York on Ignoble Pilgrims, 1275 PART X. THE ROAD TO ACRE, 1265-1291 69. Gilbert of Tournai on Reform and Crusade, ca. 1272-1274 70. Humbert of Romans, Opusculum tripartitum, ca. 1272-1274 71. Gregory X and the Second Council of Lyons, 1274 72. The Templar of Tyre on the Fall of Acre, 1291 73. Abu l-Fida' and Abu l-Mahasin on the Fall of Acre, 1291 Index Acknowledgments