Combustion Calorimetry

Combustion Calorimetry deals with expertise knowledge concerning the calorimetry of combustion reactions of an element or compound. After defining the use of units and physical constants, the book discusses the basic principles of combustion calorimetry and the various instruments and calorimeters used in the experiments to measure operations concerning temperatures and its time variations. One paper discusses the theory and design criteria of combustion calorimeter calibration. Another paper discusses the results obtained from a combustion calorimeter after it has measured the energy or enthalpy of combustion of an element or compound.
The book then presents the need to define accurately the exact process in which a measured energy or enthalpy change is acknowledged. One paper then presents how to find an assessment of uncertainty for any experimentally determined value through analysis of random errors and the propagation of errors. Several papers discuss the combustion calorimetry of metals, of organometallic compounds, and of fluorine. One paper presents the technological applications of heat reaction especially in the design of a chemical production plant where a reactor volume should desirably be least expensive. The book then discusses the trends in combustion calorimetry such as the prevalence of a miniaturized bomb combustion calorimetry.
This volume will be beneficial to researches, technicians, and scientists in the field of catalysis, biochemistry, synthetic chemistry, and medicine.

Contenu

Contributors
Key to Notation
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Introduction

1. Units and Physical Constants
   Basic Units of Measurements
   Scale of Temperature
   Scale of Atomic Weights
   Unit of Energy
   Physical Constants
   References
2. Basic Principles of Combustion Calorimetry
   Introduction
   The Calorimeter
   Adiabatic Calorimeters
   Isoperibol Calorimeters
   Heat-flow Calorimeters
   The Calofimetric Experiment
   Standard-state Energies of Combustion
   The Adiabatic Temperature Rise
   The Heat-exchange Equation
   Calculation of the Correction for Heat Exchange
   The Final Temperature of an Experiment
   Comments on the Measurement and Control of Temperature
   References
3. Calibration of Combustion Calorimeters
   Theory and Design Criteria
   Calculation of the Adiabatic Temperature Rise
   Isoperibol Calorimetry
   Other Types of Calorimetry
   Calibration with Certified Reference Materials
   Electrical Calibration
   References
4. Test and Auxiliary Substances in Combustion Calorimetry
   Introduction
   The Role of Test Substances
   The Role of Auxiliary Substances
   Characteristics of Test and Auxiliary Substances
   Desirable Properties for Test Substances
   Desirable Properties for Auxiliary Substances
   Selected Test and Auxiliary Substances
   "Recommended" and "Candidate" Test Substances
   Sources of Recommended Values in Tables 1 and 2
   Typical Auxiliary Substances
   Needs for Further Test Substances
   References
5. Strategies in the Calculation of Standard-state Energies of Combustion from the Experimentally Determined Quantities
   Introduction
   Principles and General Considerations
   General Scheme
   Processes Involved
   Significance of Terms under Varying Conditions
   Auxiliary Quantities and Uncertainties
   Strategies in Setting up a Reduction Scheme
   Combustion of a Solid to a Solid Product
   Combustion of a Solid to a Gaseous Product
   Combustions with Two-phase Reactant or Product
   Combustions with a Bomb Liquid Present
   Thermodynamic States
   Standard States
   Reference States
   Bomb States
   Reactions other than the Main Combustion Reaction
   Auxiliary Materials
   Impurities and Products from Incomplete Combustion
   Auxiliary Reactions
   Side Reactions
   Blank Experiments
   Calibrations
   Calibration with Certified Reference Materials under Non-certification Conditions
   Comparison Experiments
   Test Substances and Test Reactions
   Bookkeeping
   Equilibrium between and within Phases
   Specification of the Bomb Systems
   Single-phase Equilibria - Condensed Phase
   Single-phase Equilibria - Gaseous Phase
   Two-phase Equilibria
   Reduction Processes
   Choice of Path
   Constant Volume and Constant Pressure Processes
   Compression and Decompression Processes
   Mixing and Unmixing Processes
   Dilution and Concentration Processes
   Dissociation (Ionization) and Association Processes
   Vaporization and Condensation Processes
   Solution and Desolution Processes
   Adsorption and Desorption Processes
   Computer Programs
   Presentation of Results
   Appendix: Auxiliary Quantities for the Reductions to Standard States
   References
   Washburn Reduction Schemes in the Literature
   General References
6. Assignment of Uncertainties
   Introduction
   Random Errors
   Precision of the Experimental Process
   Properties of the Mean
   Propagation of Errors
   Random Errors
   Systematic Errors
   The Uncertainty Interval and the Expression of Uncertainties of Results
   An Example of Assignment of Overall Random Uncertainty to a Value of AH°f
   Replication Uncertainty in the Specific Standard Energy of Combustion
   The Total Experimental Random Uncertainty
   The Overall Random Uncertainty
   The Standard Enthalpy of Formation
   Symbols Used on Pages 6-17 through 6-22
   References
   Appendix: Comments from a Compiler
7. Presentation of Combustion Calorimetric Data in the Primary Literature
   Historical Perspective
   Introduction
   Description of Experimental Procedure
   Definition of the System Studied
   Performance of the Calorimetric System
   Reduction of Experimental Results
   Presentation of Numerical Results
   Derived Quantities
   Assignment of Uncertainties
   Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature
   Discussion
   References
8. General Techniques for Combustion of Liquid/Solid Organic Compounds by Oxygen Bomb Calorimetry
   The Sample
   Measurement of Purity
   Preparation for Combustion
   Physical State
   Mass
   The Combustion Process
   The Bomb and its Fittings
   Addition of other Reagents to the Bomb
   Oxygen
   Ignition
   Calorimetry
   Analysis of Products
   Examination for Soot, Carbon Monoxide, and Unburnt Substance
   Determination of Carbon Dioxide
   Determination of Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen
   References
9. Combustion of Liquid/Solid Organic Compounds with Non-metallic Hetero-atoms
   Introduction
   Compounds Containing Nitrogen
   Compounds Containing Sulfur
   Compounds Containing Fluorine
   Compounds Containing Chlorine
   Compounds Containing Bromine
   Compounds Containing Iodine
   Compounds Containing Boron
   Compounds Containing Silicon
   Compounds Containing Phosphorus
   Compounds Containing Arsenic
   Compounds Containing Selenium
   References
10. Combustion Calorimetry of Metals and Simple Metallic Compounds
    Introduction
    Calorimetric Considerations
    Chemical Considerations
    The Sample
    The Oxygen
    Ignition
    The Container
    Getting the Right Reaction
    Determining the Amount of Reaction
    Side Reactions
    The Thermodynamic State of the Reactants and the Products
    Calculations
    Metals whose Energies of Combustion have been Measured
    Group I
    Group II
    Group III
    Group IV
    Group V
    Group VI
    Group VII
    Group VIII
    Some Metallic Compounds Whose Energies of Combustion Have Been Measured
    Oxides
    Carbides
    Nitrides
    Comparison of Results: Oxygen Bomb Calorimetry and Fluorine Bomb Calorimetry
    References
11. Combustion Calorimetry of Organometallic Compounds
    Introduction
    Static Bomb Combustion Studies
    Alkali Metals (IA)
    Copper, Silver, and Gold (IB)
    Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury (IIB)
    Aluminum, Scandium, Yttrium and t…