Biomedical Applications and Toxicology of Carbon Nanomaterials

An overview of biomedical applications and the toxicity properties of carbon nanomaterials aimed at helping to avoid detrimental health effects while laying the groundwork for further research in this highly relevant field.
Summarizing recent research, the book starts with the synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanomaterials, as well as identification and detection in biosystems. It then moves on to the interaction between carbon nanoparticles and biocomponents, focusing on the toxicity and mechanisms to various organs and systems and potential biomedical applications as well. Each section highlights the challenges, outlines unanswered questions, and suggests directions for further research and development efforts.

Auteur
Chunying Chen is principal investigator in the Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China. She obtained her PhD degree in biomedical engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology of China. Chunying Chen has authored and co-authored more than 150 peer-reviewed papers, 3 books and 6 book chapters, has 12 issued patents and one international standard. She has been awarded the National Award for Innovation and Outstanding Service to the Standard authorized by Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China in 2011, the Second Prize of Beijing Science and Technology in 2008, the Second Prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2012, the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and China Outstanding Young Female Scientists Awards in 2014.
Haifang Wang is professor in the Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology at the Shanghai University. She received her BSc and MSc degrees in chemistry from Fudan University and PhD degree in chemistry from Peking University. From 1994 to 2008, she was a faculty at Peking University. As a visiting scholar, she spent one year at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Japan and one year at Clemson University, USA. In 2009, she moved to Shanghai University. She is the editorial board member of Nanomedicine (Lond.) and the standing committee member of Nanotoxicology Committee, Chinese Society of Toxicology. She has published over 120 scientific papers and book chapters, and was awarded the Second Prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2012 (third place).

Contenu

List of Contributors XIX

Preface XXV

1 Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization 1
Jianxun Xu, Xing Lu, and Baowen Li

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Fullerenes and Metallofullerenes 1

1.2.1 Synthesis and Purification 2

1.2.1.1 Synthesis 2

1.2.1.2 Purification 2

1.2.2 Chemical Functionalization 3

1.2.2.1 Carbene Reaction 3

1.2.2.2 BingelHirsch Reaction 4

1.2.2.3 Prato Reaction 5

1.2.2.4 Bis-Silylation 5

1.2.2.5 DielsAlder Reaction and Benzyne Reaction 5

1.2.2.6 Singly Bonded Addition 6

1.2.2.7 Supramolecular Complexes of EMFs 6

1.2.3 Characterization 6

1.2.3.1 Synchrotron Radiation Powder Diffraction (SRPD)/Rietveld/MEM 6

1.2.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 7

1.2.3.3 Theoretical Calculation 7

1.2.3.4 Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Crystallography 7

1.2.3.5 Others 8

1.2.4 Questions and Future Directions 8

1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8

1.3.1 Synthesis 9

1.3.1.1 Arc Discharge Method 9

1.3.1.2 Laser Ablation Method 10

1.3.1.3 CVD Method 10

1.3.1.4 Synthesis of CNTs with a Defined Structure 10

1.3.2 Functionalization 11

1.3.2.1 Covalent Chemical Reactions 11

1.3.2.2 Noncovalent Modifications 11

1.3.3 Characterization 12

1.3.3.1 Microscopic Characterizations 12

1.3.3.2 Spectroscopic Characterizations 13

1.3.4 Questions and Future Directions 13

1.4 Graphene 14

1.4.1 Synthesis and Characterization 14

1.4.2 Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide 17

1.4.3 Prospects and Challenges 18

1.5 Summary and Outlook 20

References 21

2 Identification and Detection of Carbon Nanomaterials in Biological Systems 29
Haifang Wang, Zheng-Mei Song, Yi-Fan Yang, Aoneng Cao, and Yuanfang Liu

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Available Techniques for Qualitative and Quantitative Determination 30

2.2.1 Optical Microscopic Observation 30

2.2.2 Electron Microscopic (EM) Observation 31

2.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurement 33

2.2.4 Fluorescence Analysis 36

2.2.4.1 Intrinsic Fluorescence Analysis 36

2.2.4.2 Labeled Fluorescence Analysis 39

2.2.5 Isotope Labeling Method 39

2.2.5.1 Radioisotope Labeling 40

2.2.5.2 Stable Isotope Labeling 43

2.2.5.3 Tips for Isotopic Labeling 43

2.2.6 Chromatographic Technique 45

2.2.7 Flow Cytometry Method 45

2.2.8 Other Methods 46

2.3 Summary and Outlook 47

Acknowledgments 48

References 48

3 Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Carbon Nanomaterials In Vivo 55
Sheng-Tao Yang, Xiaoyang Liu, and Jingru Xie

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Amorphous Carbon Nanoparticles 55

3.2.1 Ultrafine Carbon Particles 56

3.2.2 Carbon Nanoparticles 58

3.2.3 Carbon Dots 59

3.3 sp2 Carbon Nanomaterials 62

3.3.1 Fullerene 62

3.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 69

3.3.3 Carbon Nanohorns 77

3.3.4 Graphene 80

3.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots 85

3.4 Nanodiamonds 87

3.5 Summary and Outlook 89

Acknowledgments 90

References 90

4 Interaction of Carbon Nanomaterials and Components in Biological Systems 97
Jian Tian and Cuicui Ge

4.1 Introduction 97

4.2 Factors Affecting Interaction 99

4.2.1 Characteristics of Carbon Nanomaterials 99

4.2.1.1 Size and Layer 99

4.2.1.2 Surface Modification and Functionalization 100

4.2.2 Biological Microenvironment 102

4.2.2.1 pH 103

4.2.2.2 Ionic Strength 104

4.2.2.3 Weak Interactions 104 4.2...