Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Explore foundational and advanced topics in nanoscience with this intuitive introduction

In the newly revised Second Edition of Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, renowned researcher Dr. Chris Binns delivers an accessible and broad-based treatment of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Beginning with the fundamental physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and nanostructures, the book moves on to discuss how these properties can be exploited to produce high-performance materials and devices.

Following chapters explore naturally occurring nanoparticles and artificially engineered carbon nanoparticles, their mechanical properties, and their applications in nanotechnological science. Both design ideologies for manufacturing nanostructures--bottom-up and top-down--are examined, as is the idea that the two methodologies can be combined to allow for the imaging, probing, and manipulation of nanostructures.

A survey of the current state of nanotechnology rounds out the text and introduces the reader to a variety of novel and exciting applications of nanoscience. The book also includes:

• A thorough introduction to the importance and impact of particle size on the magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials

• Comprehensive explorations of carbon nanostructures, including bucky balls and nanotubes, and single-nanoparticle devices

• Practical discussions of colloids and nanoscale interfaces, as well as nanomechanics and nanofluidics

• In-depth examinations of the medical applications of functional nanoparticles, including the treatment of tumors by hyperthermia and medical diagnosis

Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students in materials science and engineering, Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology will also earn a place in the libraries of early-career and established researchers with professional or personal interests in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Auteur

Chris Binns, PhD, is Beatriz Gallindo Professor at the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain and Professor of Nanoscience in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leicester, United Kingdom. His research is most recently focused on magnetic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications.

Contenu

Preface to Second Edition ix

Acknowledgments x

Introduction to Second Edition 1

1 Size Matters 13

1.1 The Fundamental Importance of Size 13

1.2 The Magnetic Behavior of Nanoparticles 16

1.3 The Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 26

1.4 The Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles 27

1.5 Nanoparticles Interacting with Bacteria and Viruses 29

Problems 31

References 32

2 Nanoparticles and the Environment 35

2.1 Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere 35

2.2 Atmospheric Nanoparticles and Health 39

2.2.1 Entry Via the Lungs 39

2.2.2 Entry Via the Intestines 42

2.2.3 Nanoparticles and the Skin 43

2.2.4 Air Quality Specifications 44

2.3 Nanoparticles and Clouds 44

2.4 Marine Aerosol 48

2.5 Effect of Cosmic Rays on Atmospheric Aerosol 50

2.6 Nanoparticles in Space 51

2.7 Environmental Applications of Nanoparticles 52

2.7.1 Water Remediation Using Magnetic Nanoparticles 52

2.7.2 Conversion of Waste Plastics to High-Grade Materials (Upcycling) 55

Problems 57

References 59

3 Carbon Nanostructures: Bucky Balls and Nanotubes 61

3.1 Why Carbon? 61

3.2 Discovery of the First Fullerene C60 62

3.3 Structural Symmetry of the Closed Fullerenes 64

3.4 Smaller Fullerenes and Shrink-Wrapping Atoms 68

3.5 Larger Fullerenes 70

3.6 Electronic Properties of Individual Fullerenes 72

3.7 Materials Produced by Assembling Fullerenes (Fullerites and Fullerides) 76

3.8 Discovery of Carbon Nanotubes 81

3.9 Structure of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) 82

3.10 Electronic Properties of SWNTs 84

3.11 Electronic Transport in Carbon Nanotubes 86

3.12 Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes 87

3.13 Mechanical Properties of Nanotubes 88

3.14 Thermal Conductivity of Nanotubes 92

3.15 Carbon Nanohorns 93

3.16 Carbon Nanobuds and Pea Pods 94

Problems 95

References 96

4 Graphene 99

4.1 Background 99

4.1.1 Low-Dimensional Materials 99

4.1.2 Discovery of Graphene 101

4.2 Electrical Properties of Graphene 101

4.2.1 Electrical Conduction in Normal Metals 101

4.2.2 Electrical Conduction in Semiconductors 104

4.2.3 Electrical Conduction in Graphene 107

4.3 Graphene as a Testbed for Relativistic Quantum Effects 112

4.4 Thermal Conductivity of Graphene 112

4.5 Mechanical Strength of Graphene 116

4.6 Superconductivity in Graphene Bilayers 117

4.7 Current Technological Applications of Graphene 120

4.7.1 Graphene Batteries 120

4.7.2 Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Accelerometers 124

4.7.3 Graphene Membranes for Water Desalination 125

4.8 Summary 126

Problems 126

References 128

5 The Nanotechnology Toolkit 131

5.1 Making Nanostructures Using BottomUp Methods 131

5.1.1 Making Nanoparticles Using Supersaturated Vapor 131

5.1.2 Sources Producing Nanoparticle Beams in Vacuum 133

5.1.3 Synthesis of Alloy, CoreShell, and Janus Nanoparticles 137

5.1.4 Mass Selection of Charged Nanoparticle Beams in Vacuum 141

5.1.5 Aerodynamic Lensing and Mass Selection of Neutral Nanoparticles 147

5.1.6 Plasma, Spark and Flame Metal Aerosol Sources 147

5.1.7 Size Selection of Nanoparticles in Aerosols 150

5.1.8 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Liquid Suspensions 153

5.1.9 Biological Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 156

5.1.10 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Hydrosols 157

5.1.11 Size Determination of Nanoparticles in Liquids 157

5.1.12 Synthesis of Graphene 160 5.1.13 Synthesis of Fullerenes ...