Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Measurement

At the present time several techniques are available for studying quantitatively global and regional blood flow and metabolism of the human brain. How­ ever, many scientists working in the clinical and research field who would like to use these tools for their investigations may be less familiar with the indi­ cations and limitations of the individual methods. The rapid development of both modern imaging techniques and new tracers may have led to some con­ fusion in answering the question as to which method is appropriate to solve the diagnostic problem of an individuum with brain disease. Scepticism and ignorance as to the methods to be used as tools in differential diagnosis of brain disorders may have prevented their widespread introduction into clinical practice. Thus, the significance of circulatory and metabolic parameters involved in the majority of diseases of the central nervous system may have been overlooked. The contributions compiled in this book describe in detail the individual techniques, outline their indications and limitations and deal in particular with newer methods such as the atraumatic 133Xe technique, stable xenon tomogra­ phy, three-dimensional techniques such as 133Xe single photon emission tomog­ raphy and N-isopropyl-P23-iodoamphetamine. Positron emission tomography studies provide information on function and metabolism, particularly that of oxygen and glucose, in regional brain areas of interest. Nuclear magnetic reso­ nance may be a promising method for studying metabolic parameters; however, accurate circulation measurements can not be performed at present.

Contenu

Intraarterial Xenon 133 Technique.- The Intraarterial Xenon 133 Method: Principles and Clinical Application.- Theoretical Limitations in the Use of Two-Dimensional rCBF for the Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease.- Effect of STA-MCA Bypass on Hemispheric CBF and CO2 Reactivity in Patients with Hemodynamic TIAs and Watershed-Zone Infarctions.- Noninvasive Two-Dimensional rCBF Techniques.- Stability and Sensitivity of CBF Indices in the Noninvasive 133Xe Method.- Two-Dimensional Measurements of rCBF by the Intravenous Xenon 133 Method.- Correlation Between CBF and pCO2, pO2, pH, Hemoglobin, Blood Pressure, Age, and Sex.- Theoretical Evaluation and Simulation Test of the Initial Slope Index for Noninvasive rCBF.- Inaccuracies in the Calculation of CBF from Inert Gas Clearance.- A Graphic Approach to Compartmental Slippage.- Application of the Nontraumatic Xenon 133 Method in Neuropsychiatry.- Distinct rCBF Pattern During Different Types of Short-Term Memory Activation.- rCBF and Neuropsychological Findings in Head Injury.- Alterations of Cerebral Blood Flow in Slight Head Injury.- Is It Possible to Measure Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemia?.- The Prognostic Value of rCBF Measurements in Aphasic Stroke Patients.- The Detection of Cerebral Ischemia Using Xenon 133.- Intravenous Xenon 133 rCBF Measurement with a New Mobile System.- Rheological Determinants of Cerebral Blood Flow.- Fibrinogen/Albumin Ratio: A Useful Indicator of Hemorheological Abnormalities in Observation of Cerebrovascular Disorders.- nrCBF for the Assessment of Vasoactive Drugs in Stroke Patients.- CBF and Clinical Findings in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia Treated with Extra-Intracranial Bypass Surgery.- Long-Term Follow-Up nrCBF Studies After EC/IC Anastomoses, Including Different Autoregulation Tests.- Use of Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in the Prediction of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- The Prognostic Value of Atraumatic CBF Measurement in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- Xenon 133 CBF Measurements in the Clinical Management of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- Utility of Noninvasive rCBF Measurements for Assessment of Cerebral Function Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- nrCBF for the Assessment of Cerebrovascular Spasm and the Timing of Angiography and Operation in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- Specific Calcium Antagonism: A New Therapeutic Principle in Cerebrovascular Diseases?.- Calcium Antagonists for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia?.- The Lower Limit of Cerebral Autoregulation During Treatment of Severe Hypertension.- Measurements of CBF in Patients with Epilepsy.- CBF Measurements in Parkinson's Disease.- Quantitative Cerebral Blood Flow Mapping in Stroke and During Mental Stimulation After Intravenous Injection of 195mAu.- Measurement of the Intracerebral Blood Flow Distribution Using a Dispersion Model.- Methodological Problems in the Clinical Application of the Atraumatic Xenon Techniques.- Three-Dimensional Xenon 133 Technique (SPECT).- Cerebral Blood Flow Tomography Using Xenon 133 Inhalation - Methodological Considerations.- Physical Factors Affecting Calculated Cerebral Blood Flow Values in Hypoperfused Areas in Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography.- Xenon-133 Dynamic SPECT in Cerebrovascular Disease.- Cerebellar Blood Flow in Ischemic Stroke Studied by Xenon 133 Inhalation and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography.- Xenon 133 Dynamic Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (D-SPECT) in Extra-intracranial Arterial Bypass Patients.- CBF in Patients with Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease Studied with 133Xe Inhalation and Single Photon Emission Tomography.- Asymmetric Cerebral Blood Flow in Hemiparkinsonian Patients: Tomography of Inhaled Xenon 133 Before and After Levodopa Treatment.- Measurement of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Psychiatry.- Focal Frontal Hypoperfusion in Children with Attentional Deficit Disorder.- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography with Other Radioactive Substances.- The Usefulness of Brain SPECT with 123I-IAMP and HIPDM.- SPECT of the Brain Using Radiolabeled Amphetamines and a Rotating Gamma Camera.- Evaluation of [125I]HIPDM as a Potential Tracer for Quantitative Measurement of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow.- Kinetics of Radioiodinated Isopropylamphetamine in Blood and Brain.- New Approaches to the Study of Cerebral Ischemia in Man Using Single Photon Labeled Indicators.- Three-Dimensional Stable Xenon Technique.- Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow by Stable Xenon Contrast Computerized Tomography.- Regional Cerebral Blood Flow: The Xenon CT Method.- Multiple Parameter Estimation from Tomographic Inert Gas Clearance Curves: A Modification of the Double Integral Method.- Cerebral Blood Flow Study in Patients with Intracranial Tumors by CT with Stable Xenon Enhancement.- Xenon Effects on CNS Control of Respiratory Rate and Tidal Volume - The Danger of Apnea.- Clinical Applications of Xenon/CT Blood Flow Mapping.- Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Extracranial Cerebrovascular Disease as Measured by Stable Xenon CT.- Variability of the Partition Coefficient in Relation to Cerebral Blood Flow with a Freely Diffusible Tracer.- Metabolic Studies and Positron Emission Tomography.- Metabolism of the Human Brain: The Principle and Limitation of Global Measurements.- Determination of Regional Glucose Metabolism in the Brain by FDG and PET.- Regional Analysis of Steady-State Clearance of Fluor-Deoxyglucose into the Human Brain.- Measurement of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: Effect of Pathology and Functional Stimulation.- The Current State of rCBF, rCMRO2, rCBV, and rCMRGlu Studies at the Hammersmith Hospital.- Clinical Interpretation of Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography with C-11-methyl-D-glucose Before and After STA-MCA Anastomosis.- Measurement of Local Oxygen Consumption and Cerebral Blood Flow with Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease.- Theory for Noninvasive Measurement of Oxygen Extraction Fraction by Intravenous Bolus Injection or Bolus Inhalation of 15-Oxygen.- Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow Using 15O-Labeled Water and Positron Emission Tomography with Special Attention to the Volume of Distribution of Radiowater.- Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow, Blood Volume, and Oxygen Utilization in Patients w…