During the last three decades, there has been a growing interest in systems that combine elements of parliamentarism and presidentialism. Despite the fact that much attention has been directed towards the semi-presidential form of government in particular, it is evident that many aspects of regime forms remain unexplored. This book systematically categorises democratic political regimes with a separate head of state and government (including regimes with a monarch and prime minister, and president and PM) globally and over a long historical period 1850-2019. It analyses how regimes with a dual executive emerge and what trajectories they follow. It also explores the stability of these regimes across time and space. An important feature of this endeavour is to address actual powers of the head of state rather than constitutional provisions. Carsten Anckar is Professor of Political Science at Åbo Akademi University, Finland.

Auteur

Carsten Anckar is Professor of Political Science at Åbo Akademi University, Finland.

Contenu

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 The research task
1.1 A broad conception of dual executives
1.2 Mapping the dual executives 1850-2019
1.3 How dual executives emerge
1.4 How dual executives transform
1.5 How dual executives end
1.6 Outline of the book
1.7 Data and methods
1.8 Contribution to the field of researchChapter 2. Classifying Political Regimes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classifying authoritarian regimes
2.3 Classifying democratic regimes
2.4 Conclusion: The difficult art of classifying regimesChapter 3. The Research Population
3.1 Separating democracies from autocracies
3.2 Separating dual executives from single executives
3.3 The selection of the head of state
3.4 The powers of the head of state
3.5 Dual executives 1850-2019Chapter 4. How Dual Executives Emerge
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Previous regime form and regime choice
4.2.1 The monarchic legacy
4.2.2 The party based legacy
4.2.3 The legacy of other regimes
4.2.4 Operationalizing regime transformations
4.3 Previous regime form and introduction of dual executives - empirical patterns
4.4 Diffusion
4.4.1 The colonial heritage
4.4.2 Geographical proximity
4.5 Diffusion and introduction of dual executives - empirical patterns
4.5.1 Colonial heritage and regime choice
4.5.2 Spatial proximity and regime choice
4.6 The comprehensive picture
4.6.1 The interrelatedness of regime form and diffusion
4.6.2 Previous regime form, diffusion and dual executives - Multivariate findings
4.7 DiscussionChapter 5. Patterns of Transformations in Dual Executives
5.1 Theoretical patterns of transformation
5.2 Empirical patterns of transformations
5.3 Multivariate patterns
5.3.1 Introduction control variables
5.3.2 Empirical patterns
5.4 DiscussionChapter 6. How Dual Executives End
6.1 Introduction
6.2 When do we expect dual executives to die?
6.3 Selection mode, powers, and regime breakdown - empirical patterns
6.4 Multivariate patterns
6.5 DiscussionChapter 7. Conclusion
7.1 Summary of findings
7.2 Lessons, limitations, and prospects for future research