Carbon Nanomaterials for Bioimaging, Bioanalysis, and Therapy

A comprehensive reference on biochemistry, bioimaging, bioanalysis, and therapeutic applications of carbon nanomaterials

Carbon nanomaterials have been widely applied for biomedical applications in the past few decades, because of their unique physical properties, versatile functionalization chemistry, and biological compatibility. This book provides background knowledge at the entry level into the biomedical applications of carbon nanomaterials, focusing on three applications: bioimaging, bioanalysis, and therapy.

Carbon Nanomaterials for Bioimaging, Bioanalysis and Therapy begins with a general introduction to carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including a discussion about the pros and cons of various carbon nanomaterials for the respective therapeutic applications. It then goes on to cover fluorescence imaging; deep tissue imaging; photoacoustic imaging; pre-clinical/clinical bioimaging applications; carbon nanomaterial sensors for cancer and disease diagnosis; targeted cancer therapy; and photothermal/photodynamic therapy. Each chapter briefly introduces the biomedical application and emphasizes the most appropriate carbon nanomaterial(s) for the application.

• Provides an introduction to the biomedical applications of carbon nanomaterials for early-career scientists, as well as background and context for mid-career scientists and researchers
• Contains four sections covering biochemistry, bioimaging, bioanalysis, and therapeutic applications of carbon nanomaterials
• Presented by experts who have strong background in the field of nanotechnology for biomedical applications

• Covers a hot area of research which has very unique physical properties, versatile functionalization chemistry, and biological compatibility
  Carbon Nanomaterials for Bioimaging, Bioanalysis and Therapy is an excellent resource for academic researchers and industrial scientists working on preparation and bio-application of carbon nanomaterials, biomedical engineering, and nanotechnology.

Auteur

Editors Yuen Yung Hui, is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Huan-Cheng Chang, is a Distinguished Research Fellow at the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Haifeng Dong, is a Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, P.R. China. Xueji Zhang, is Professor and Dean in the School of Chemistry & Biological Engineering at the University of Science & Technology Beijing, P.R. China.

Contenu
List of Contributors xiii

Series Preface xix

Preface xxi

Part I Basics of Carbon Nanomaterials 1

1 Introduction to Carbon Structures 3

Meng-Chih Su and Yuen Yung Hui

1.1 Carbon Age 3

1.2 Classification 4

1.3 Fullerene 4

1.4 Carbon Nanotubes 6

1.4.1 Structure 6

1.4.2 Electronics 8

1.5 Graphene 10

1.5.1 Structure 10

1.5.2 Electronics 11

1.6 Nanodiamonds and Carbon Dots 12

Acknowledgment 13

References 13

2 Using Polymers to Enhance the Carbon Nanomaterial Biointerface 15

Goutam Pramanik, Jitka Neburkova, Vaclav Vanek, Mona Jani, Marek Kindermann, and Petr Cigler

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Colloidal Stability of CNMs 16

2.3 Functionalization of CNMs with Polymers 18

2.3.1 Noncovalent Approaches 18

2.3.2 Covalent Approaches 18

2.4 Influence of Polymers on the Spectral Properties of CNMs 19

2.5 Functionalizing CNMs with Antifouling Polymers for Bioapplications 22

2.6 Functionalization of CNMs with StimuliResponsive Polymers 26

2.6.1 Carbon Nanoparticles with Thermoresponsive Polymers 27

2.6.2 pHResponsive Carbon Nanoparticles 27

2.6.3 RedoxResponsive Carbon Nanoparticles 28

2.6.4 MultiResponsive Carbon Nanoparticles 28

2.7 Functionalization of CNMs with Polymers for Delivery of Nucleic Acids 29

2.8 Outlook 32

Acknowledgments 34

References 34

3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Optical Bioimaging and Phototherapy 43

Haifeng Dong and Yu Cao

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials 43

3.3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Optical Imaging 45

3.3.1 Intrinsic Fluorescence of Carbon Nanomaterials 45

3.3.2 Imaging Utilizing Intrinsic Fluorescence Features of Carbon Nanomaterials 46

3.3.3 Imaging with Fluorescently Labeled Carbon Nanomaterials 51

3.4 Carbon Nanomaterials for Phototherapies of Cancer 51

3.4.1 Photothermal Therapy 52

3.4.2 Photodynamic Therapy 53

3.5 Conclusions and Outlook 56

References 56

Part II Bioimaging and Bioanalysis 63

4 HighResolution and HighContrast Fluorescence Imaging with Carbon Nanomaterials for Preclinical and Clinical Applications 65

John Czerski and Susanta K. Sarkar

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Survey of Carbon Nanomaterials 66

4.2.1 Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 66

4.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 66

4.2.3 Graphene 69

4.2.4 Carbon Nanodots 69

4.3 Fluorescent Properties of FNDs and SWCNTs 69

4.3.1 FNDs 69

4.3.2 SWCNTs 71

4.4 Survey of HighResolution and HighContrast Imaging 71

4.4.1 General Considerations for Eventual Human Use 71

4.4.2 General Considerations for Achieving HighResolution and HighContrast Imaging 72

4.4.2.1 Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) 72

4.4.2.2 Xray Computed Tomographic (CT) Imaging 73

4.4.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 73

4.4.2.4 Image Alignment and Drift Correction 74

4.4.3 Preclinical and Clinical Optical Imaging with CNMs 74

4.4.4 Optical Imaging in the ShortWavelength Window (~650950 nm) 74

4.4.4.1 Optical Imaging beyond the Diffraction Limit 75

4.4.4.2 Selective Modulation of Emission 75

4.4.4.3 TimeGated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging 77

4.4.5 Optical Imaging in the LongWavelength Window (~9501400 nm) 77

4.5 Conclusions 78

References 79

5 Carbon Nanomaterials for DeepTissue Imaging in the NIR Spectral Window 87

Stefania Lettieri and Silvia Giordani

5.1 Introduction 87

5.1.1 Transparent Optical Windows in Biological Tissue 87 <p&gt...