Calcification and Physiology

The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone, Second Edition: Volume IV: Calcification and Physiology explores the biochemical and physiological aspects of bone calcification. It discusses the comparative physiology of bone, the organelles involved in the local mechanism of calcification, bone tracer uptake and removal, and matrix vesicles of cartilage and bone. It explains the parathyroid biosynthesis and metabolism, cellular and humoral factors in bone resorption, electrical properties of bone, circulation in relation to bone growth and metabolism, and dentin and bone formation.
Organized into 12 chapters, this edition begins with an overview of noncalcifying matrix and its conversion to calcifiable matrix, impregnation of collagen, and extraskeletal calcification. The remaining chapters focus on the effects of pyrophosphate and diphosphonates on calcium metabolism and skeletal turnover, calcium kinetics in plasma, the method matrix vesicles use in initiating calcification, the chemistry of parathyroid biosynthesis and metabolism, and mammalian osteopetrosis as a model for investigating cellular and humoral factors involved in bone resorption. It also discusses the use of electron spin resonance spectrometry in studying mineralized tissues, electrical response in flexed wet bone, bone blood volume and flow, and origin and fate of bone cells. The book concludes with a chapter on the biogenesis of matrix and mineral components of dentin and bone tissues.
This book is highly recommended to biochemists, cell biologists, physiologists, anatomists, orthopedists, pathologists, clinicians, biomedical engineers, graduate students, professors, and others interested in the calcification and physiology of bone.

Contenu

List of Contributors
Preface
Preface to First Edition
Contents of Other Volumes
Chapter 1. Biochemistry of Calcification
I. Introduction
II. Terminology and Concepts
III. Composition of Interstitial Fluids
IV. Composition of Bone Mineral
V. Conversion of Noncalcifying to Calcifiable Matrix
VI. Organelles in the Local Mechanism of Calcification
VII. Enzymes
VIII. Impregnation of Collagen
IX. Inhibitors
X. Extraskeletal Calcification
XI. Summary
References
Chapter 2. Pyrophosphate and Diphosphonates
I. Introduction
II. Pyrophosphate
III. Diphosphonates
IV. Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Calcium Kinetics in Plasma: As they apply to the measurements of bone formation and resorption rates
I. Introduction: Observational Basis for Bone Mineral Tracer Methods
II. Meaning of Bone Tracer Uptake and Removal
III. Background Theory
IV. Candidate Model Systems
V. The Two-Compartment Model
VI. Validation of Kinetic Models
VII. Biological Correlates
VIII. Other Approaches
IX. Available Bone Mineral Tracer Isotopes
References
Chapter 4. Matrix Vesicles of Cartilage and Bone
I. Introduction
II. Evidence That Matrix Vesicles Initiate Calcification
III. Fine Structure of Matrix Vesicles
IV. Origin of Matrix Vesicles
V. Enzymes of Matrix Vesicles
VI. Lipids of Matrix Vesicles
VII. Initial Mineralization in Vesicles of Embryonic Bone
VIII. Calcification of Matrix Vesicles in Rickets
IX. Experimental Calcification of Isolated Vesicles
X. A Model of Matrix Vesicle Calcification
XI. Matrix Vesicles in Pathological Calcification
XII. Future Matrix Vesicle Research
XIII. Summary
References
Chapter 5. Parathyroid Physiology and the Skeleton
I. Introduction
II. Chemistry of Parathyroid Hormone
III. Chemistry of Parathyroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism
IV. Structure-Activity Relationships
V. Physiological Role of the Parathyroids
VI. Mechanisms of Action
References
Chapter 6. Mammalian Osteopetrosis-A Model for Studying Cellular and Humoral Factors in Bone Resorption
I. Introduction
II. Bone Resorption-The State of Our Knowledge and Evaluation of the Evidence
III. Mammalian Osteopetrosis-The State of Our Knowledge and Evaluation of the Evidence
IV. Human Osteopetrosis
V. The Challenges and Opportunities of Mammalian Osteopetrosis
VI. Conclusions
References
Chapter 7. Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometry in Investigations on Mineralized Tissues
I. Introduction
II. Basic Data on ESR Spectrometry
III. The Nature of Stable Paramagnetic Centers Evoked in Mineralized Tissues by Ionizing Radiation
IV. The Use of Radiation-Induced Paramagnetic Centers in Calculation of Crystallinity
V. Radiation-Induced Stable Paramagnetic Centers as a Label of Biological Material
VI. Application of Radiation-Induced Paramagnetic Centers in the Study of Pathologically Calcifying Tissues
VII. Dosimetry of the Absorbed Dose of Ionizing Radiation Based on Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Bone and Teeth
VIII. Conclusions
References
Chapter 8. Electrical Properties of Bone
I. Introduction
II. Atomic Bonds and Their Distortion
III. Piezoelectricity
IV. Streaming Potentials
V. Characteristics of the Electrical Response in Flexed Wet Bone
VI. Bone Architecture and Streaming Potentials: A Hypothesis
VII. Stress-Induced Voltages in the Dentoalveolar Complex
VIII. Electrical Properties of Cells and Intracellular Particles
IX. Electrically Induced Osteogenesis
References
Chapter 9. Circulation and Bone
I. Introduction
II. Establishment of Circulation to Bone
III. Bone Blood Volume and Flow
IV. Measurements of Blood Circulation under Clinical Conditions
V. Relation of Circulation to Bone Growth and Metabolism
References
Chapter 10. Physiological Relationship and Pathological Interferences between Bone Tissue and Marrow
I. Introduction
II. Development of the Hematopoietic System
III. Stem Cells
IV. Bone Marrow as an Organ in Postnatal Life
V. Intramedullary Pressure and Blood Flow in Bone
VI. Pathological Interferences between Bone and Marrow
VII. Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Comparative Physiology of Bone
I. Introduction
II. Bone Morphology
III. Ossification and Growth
IV. Origin and Fate of Bone Cells
V. Bone Formation
VI. Skeletal Collagen
VII. Mineral Metabolism
VIII. Bone Density
IX. Bone Resorption
X. Fracture Healing
XI. Immobilization
XII. Growth Hormone
XIII. Insulin
XIV. Thyroxine
XV. Calcitonin (TCT)
XVI. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
XVII. Corticosteroids
XVIII. Estrogens
XIX. Testosterone
XX. Progestérones
XXI. Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. A Comparative Study of Dentin and Bone Formation
I. Structure
II. Outline of the Chemical Composition
III. Formation of Dentin
IV. Formation of Bone Tissue
References
Index